Global Patterns of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Bt Crops: The First 25 Years
Open accessAbstract
Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have improved pest management and reduced reliance on insecticide sprays. However, evolution of practical resistance by some pests has reduced the efficacy of Bt crops. We analyzed global resistance monitoring data for 24 pest species based on the first 25 yr of cultivation of Bt crops including corn, cotton, soybean, and sugarcane. Each of the 73 cases examined represents the response of one pest species in one country to one Bt toxin produced by one or more Bt crops. The cases of practical resistance rose from 3 in 2005 to 26 in 2020. Practical resistance has been documented in some populations of 11 pest species (nine lepidopterans and two coleopterans), collectively affecting nine widely used crystalline (Cry) Bt toxins in seven countries. Conversely, 30 cases reflect no decrease in susceptibility to Bt crops in populations of 16 pest species in 10 countries. The remaining 17 cases provide early warnings of resistance, which entail genetically based decreases in susceptibility without evidence of reduced field efficacy. The early warnings involve four Cry toxins and the Bt vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa. Factors expected to favor sustained susceptibility include abundant refuges of non-Bt host plants, recessive inheritance of resistance, low resistance allele frequency, fitness costs, incomplete resistance, and redundant killing by multi-toxin Bt crops. Also, sufficiently abundant refuges can overcome some unfavorable conditions for other factors. These insights may help to increase the sustainability of current and future transgenic insecticidal crops.
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Field-evolved resistance has been observed in corn rootworm, one of the most serious corn pests in the US.
“field-evolved resistance has been observed in corn rootworm, one of the most serious corn pests in the US ( 63 ).”
From Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops
Noack, F., Engist, D., Gantois, J., Gaur, V., Hyjazie, B. F., Larsen, A., M’Gonigle, L. K., Missirian, A., Qaim, M., Sargent, R. D., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ado9340 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tabashnik, B. E., Fabrick, J. A., & Carrière, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Entomology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-01-04
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 297-309
- ISSN
- 0022-0493 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-291X
- OpenAlex
- W4313705693
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 13.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Economic Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (2020-67013-31924)
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2020-33522-32268, 2020-67013-31924)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Keywords
- insect resistance, Bt crops, Bacillus thuringiensis, delta-endotoxin, Vip3Aa, resistance monitoring, refuge, lepidopteran pests, coleopteran pests, maize, cotton, soybean, sugarcane, fitness cost, incomplete resistance, recessive inheritance, resistance allele frequency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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