The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluations
Open accessAbstract
This paper provides new evidence on gender bias in teaching evaluations. We exploit a quasi-experimental dataset of 19,952 student evaluations of university faculty in a context where students are randomly allocated to female or male instructors. Despite the fact that neither students’ grades nor self-study hours are affected by the instructor’s gender, we find that women receive systematically lower teaching evaluations than their male colleagues. This bias is driven by male students’ evaluations, is larger for mathematical courses, and particularly pronounced for junior women. The gender bias in teaching evaluations we document may have direct as well as indirect effects on the career progression of women by affecting junior women’s confidence and through the reallocation of instructor resources away from research and toward teaching. (JEL: J16, J71, I23, J45)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
Gender Differences in Preferences
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.47.2.448 · Cited by 5,694
Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373 · Cited by 3,435
Nepotism and sexism in peer-review
Wennerås, C., & Wold, A. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387341a0 · Cited by 1,345
Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias? *
Beaman, L., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1497 · Cited by 1,060
Marsh, H. W. (1984) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.76.5.707 · Cited by 1,016
What's in a name: Exposing gender bias in student ratings of teaching
MacNell, L., Driscoll, A., & Hunt, A. N. (2015) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-014-9313-4 · Cited by 762
Heilman, M. E., & Chen, J. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.431 · Cited by 541
Racial Discrimination Among NBA Referees
Price, J., & Wolfers, J. (2010) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.4.1859 · Cited by 522
Does Professor Quality Matter? Evidence from Random Assignment of Students to Professors
Carrell, S. E., & West, J. E. (2010) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/653808 · Cited by 508
Cited by
Gender bias in academia: A lifetime problem that needs solutions
Llorens, A., Tzovara, A., Bellier, L., Bhaya-Grossman, I., Bidet-Caulet, A., Chang, W. K., Cross, Z. R., Dominguez-Faus, R., Flinker, A., Fonken, Y., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.002 · Cited by 361
Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?
Stewart-Williams, S., & Halsey, L. G. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207020962326 · Cited by 117
Free will without consciousness?
Mudrik, L., Arie, I. G., Amir, Y., Shir, Y., Hieronymi, P., Maoz, U., O'Connor, T., Schurger, A., Vargas, M., Vierkant, T., et al. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.03.005 · Cited by 54
Follow My Lead: Assertive Cheap Talk and the Gender Gap
Manian, S., & Sheth, K. (2021) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3837 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Mengel, F., Sauermann, J., & Zölitz, U.
- Venue
- Journal of the European Economic Association
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-02-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 535-566
- ISSN
- 1542-4766 (ISSN-L)
- 1542-4774
- OpenAlex
- W2760240588
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 39
- FWCI
- 90.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluations. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/jeea/jvx057
- The paper
- Mengel, F., Sauermann, J., & Zölitz, U. (2019). Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluations. Journal of the European Economic Association. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx057
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
