Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate on Triglyceride Metabolism in Humans
Open accessAbstract
When the content of dietary carbohydrate is elevated above the level typically consumed (>55% of energy), blood concentrations of triglycerides rise. This phenomenon, known as carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, is paradoxical because the increase in dietary carbohydrate usually comes at the expense of dietary fat. Thus, when the content of the carbohydrate in the diet is increased, fat in the diet is reduced, but the content of fat (triglycerides) in the blood rises. The present article will review studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, highlighting data obtained in fasted subjects habituated to high carbohydrate diets, data obtained from subjects in the fed state, and metabolic studies investigating fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in subjects consuming diets of different carbohydrate content. The available data have been recently expanded by new methodologies, such as the use of stable isotopes, to investigate the metabolism of sugars in humans in vivo. Given the significant increase in body weight observed in the American population over the past decade and the changing availability of carbohydrate in the food supply, future studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia promise to provide important information of how the macronutrient composition of the diet can influence health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Carbohydrate induced hypertriglyceridemia has been observed in subjects consuming high carbohydrate low fat diets for as few as 5 days, with replacement of as little as 10% fat with carbohydrate and with dietary fat intake of as much as 30% of energy.
“This phenomenon has been observed in subjects consuming high carbohydrate low fat diets for as few as 5 days, with replacement of as little as 10% fat with carbohydrate and with dietary fat intake of as much as 30% of energy [64,65].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
Carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia involves both increased triglyceride synthesis and decreased fractional triglyceride clearance, with a possible contribution from increased hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis.
“both increase in TG synthesis and decrease in fractional TG clearance have been demonstrated [64-66] with a possible contribution from increased hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis [64,67].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
Decreasing fat without increasing carbohydrate does not elevate triglycerides, suggesting that addition of carbohydrates, not reduction in fat, is responsible for the hypertriglyceridemia seen with high-carbohydrate low-fat diets.
“Decreasing fat without increasing carbohydrate does not appear to elevate triglycerides, thereby suggesting that addition of carbohydrates and not reduction in fat is responsible for this HPTG seen with high carbohydrate low fat diets.”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
Reduction in dietary intake of fat is frequently associated with increased intake of carbohydrates and leads to carbohydrate induced hypertriglyceridemia (HPTG).
“Reduction in dietary intake of fat is frequently associated with increased intake of carbohydrates and leads to carbohydrate induced hypertriglyceridemia (HPTG) [64-69].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
Factors influencing the occurrence of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia include high BMI (>28 kg/m2), insulin resistance, postmenopausal state, and genetic factors.
“A number of factors influence the occurrence of carbohydrate induced HPTG and these include high BMI (>28 kg/m2), insulin resistance, post menopausal state, and genetic factors [64,65].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Parks, E. J., & Hellerstein, M. K. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.2.412 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Self-citationParks, E. J., Krauss, R. M., Christiansen, M. P., Neese, R. A., & Hellerstein, M. K. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6572 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationMyocardial infarction in the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia
Brunzell, J. D., Schrott, H. G., Motulsky, A. G., & Bierman, E. L. (1976) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(76)90089-5 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Kissebah, A. H., Alfarsi, S., & ADAMS, P. W. (1981) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90064-0 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Hudgins, L. C., Hellerstein, M. K., Seidman, C. E., Neese, R. A., Tremaroli, J. D., & Hirsch, J. (2000) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32407-x · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Persistence of Hypertriglyceridemic Effect of Low-Fat High-Carbohydrate Diets in NIDDM Patients
Coulston, A. M., Hollenbeck, C. B., Swislocki, A., & Reaven, G. M. (1989) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.12.2.94 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Changes in plasma lipoproteins during low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets: effects of energy intake
Kasim-Karakas, S. E., Almario, R. U., Mueller, W. M., & Peerson, J. M. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1439 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Harbis, A., Defoort, C., Narbonne, H., Juhel, C., Senft, M., Latge, C., Delenne, B., Portugal, H., Atlan-Gepner, C., Vialettes, B., et al. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.2.462 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dreon, D. M., Fernstrom, H. A., Williams, P. T., & Krauss, R. M. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1611 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rutledge, J., Hyson, D. A., Garduno, D., Cort, D. A., Paumer, L., & Kappagoda, C. (1999) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation (JCR) · doi:10.1097/00008483-199907000-00003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Methods for measurement of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism
Hellerstein, M. K. (1995) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199506000-00010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Jones, P. J. H. (1996) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y96-070 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of dietary fat restriction on particle size of plasma lipoproteins in postmenopausal women
Kasim-Karakas, S. E., Lane, E., Almario, R. U., Mueller, W. M., & Walzem, R. L. (1997) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90061-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Parks, E. J., Rutledge, J. C., Davis, P. A., Hyson, D. A., Schneeman, B. O., & Kappagoda, C. T. (2001) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200103000-00003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Parks, E. J. (2001) The relationship of the glycemic index to lipogen- esis in humans. In: Proceedings of the Sixth (Millenium) Vahouny Conference (
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sofi, F., Dinu, M., Pagliai, G., Cesari, F., Gori, A. M., Sereni, A., Becatti, M., Fiorillo, C., Marcucci, R., & Casini, A. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.030088 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Causes and consequences of hypertriglyceridemia
Packard, C. J., Boren, J., & Taskinen, M.-R. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00252 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Achten, J., Halson, S. L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M. P., Casey, A., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Chawla, S., Tessarolo Silva, F., Amaral Medeiros, S., Mekary, R., & Radenkovic, D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123774 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Hypertriglyceridemia in the genomic era: a new paradigm
Lewis, G. F., Xiao, C., & Hegele, R. A. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2014-1062 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Abete, I., Parra, D., & Martinez, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2007.0700 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management
Arora, S. K., & McFarlane, S. I. (2005) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-16 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Patikorn, C., Saidoung, P., Pham, T., Phisalprapa, P., Lee, Y. Y., Varady, K. A., Veettil, S. K., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02874-y · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Skipping breakfast is associated with diet quality and metabolic syndrome risk factors of adults
Min, C., Noh, H., Kang, Y.-S., Sim, H. J., Baik, H. W., Song, W. O., Yoon, J., Park, Y.-H., & Joung, H. (2011) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.455 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Maki, K. C., Bays, H. E., & Dicklin, M. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.04.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Chang, C., Liu, Y., Rohani, P., Khodadadi, N., Prabahar, K., & Sohouli, M. H. (2026) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2026.01.009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Parks, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parks, Elizabeth J.
- ORCID
- Parks, Elizabeth J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2772S-2774S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114566287
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- dietary carbohydrates, triglyceride metabolism, high-carbohydrate diet, fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, stable isotope tracer studies, macronutrient composition, blood triglycerides, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Dietary Carbohydrates, Fasting, Humans, Triglycerides, Hypertriglyceridemia, Postprandial Period
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
