Skipping breakfast is associated with diet quality and metabolic syndrome risk factors of adults
Open accessAbstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of skipping breakfast on diet quality and metabolic disease risk factors in healthy Korean adults. Subjects included 415 employees (118 men, 297 women; 30-50 years old) of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances. Data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, 3-day dietary intake, blood pressure, and blood analyses. The subjects were classified into three groups based on the number of days they skipped breakfast: 'Regular breakfast eater', 'Often breakfast eater', or 'Rare breakfast eater'. Participants in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed less rice, potatoes, kimchi, vegetables, fish and shellfish, milk and dairy products, and sweets than did participants in the other two groups (P for trend < 0.05) and ate more cookies, cakes, and meat for dinner (P for trend < 0.05). Participants in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed less daily energy, fat, dietary fiber, calcium, and potassium than did participants in the other groups (P for trend < 0.05). The percent energy from carbohydrates was lower and fat intake was higher in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group than in the other groups (P for trend < 0.01). When diets were compared using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Koreans, 59.1% of subjects in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed more energy from fat compared with the other two groups (P < 0.005). According to the Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, intake of selected nutrients was lower in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). The risk of elevated serum triglycerides was decreased in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group (OR, 0.3 [0.1-1.0], P for trend = 0.0232). We conclude that eating breakfast regularly enhances diet quality, but may increase the risk of elevated serum triglycerides.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Time-of-day definitions were also common, as well as a combination of two definitions.
“Time-of-day definitions were also common( 35 , 36 , 64 , 67 , 72 , 76 ) as well as a combination of two definitions (for example, self-identified and time-of-day, or time-of-day and type/combination of foods eaten)( 30 , 65 , 68 , 73 , 81 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [64]
Only thirteen of these studies examined more than one micronutrient.
“However, only thirteen of these examined more than one micronutrient( 23 , 30 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 64 – 71 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [64]
Breakfast skipping was associated with a higher prevalence of not meeting the recommended intakes for Ca, vitamin C, folate, vitamin A and Mg compared with regular breakfast consumers.
“Breakfast skipping was also associated with a higher prevalence of not meeting the recommended intakes for Ca( 64 , 66 , 68 , 69 ), vitamin C( 23 , 64 , 68 , 69 ), folate( 64 , 68 , 69 ), vitamin A( 23 , 66 , 68 , 69 ) and Mg( 23 , 66 ) compared with regular breakfast consumers.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [64]
Breakfast skipping was consistently associated with lower micronutrient intakes, even after adjustment for energy intake and other important confounders.
“Breakfast skipping was consistently associated with lower micronutrient intakes( 23 , 64 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ), even after adjustment for EI and other important confounders( 23 , 60 , 66 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [64]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
(2014) · International Year Book and Statesmen's Who's Who · doi:10.1163/1570-6664_iyb_sim_org_38965 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Cho, S., Dietrich, M., Brown, C. J. P., Clark, C. A., & Block, G. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2003.10719307 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Breakfast: a review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry
Ruxton, C. H. S., & Kirk, T. R. (1997) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970140 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Cut-off Points of Waist Circumference for Defining Abdominal Obesity in the Korean Population
Lee, S. Y., Park, H. S., Kim, S. M., et al. (2006) · The Korean Journal of Obesity · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate on Triglyceride Metabolism in Humans
Parks, E. J. (2001) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.2772s · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The reproducibility of a three-day dietary record
Tremblay, A., Sévigny, J., Leblanc, C., & Bouchard, C. (1983) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(83)80035-9 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Validity of telephoned diet recalls and records for assessment of individual food intake
Krantzler, N. J., Mullen, B. J., Schutz, H., Grivetti, L. E., Holden, C. A., & Meiselman, H. L. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1234 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Validation of a self-administered 3-day estimated dietary record for use in the elderly
Lührmann, P. M., Herbert, B. M., Gaster, C., & Neuhäuser‐Berthold, M. (1999) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s003940050066 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Siega‐Riz, A. M., Popkin, B. M., & Carson, T. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0651 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Macdiarmid, J. I., Cade, J. E., & Blundell, J. E. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Turley, M., Skeaff, C. M., Mann, J. I., & Cox, B. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600634 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Kant, A. K., Andon, M. B., Angelopoulos, T. J., & Rippe, J. M. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26171 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Lee, C., Kim, B. S., Choi, A.-R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research · doi:10.15429/jkomor.2015.15.1.1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
West, C. E., SULLIVAN, D. R., Katan, M., HALFERKAMPS, I. L., & van der Torre, H. W. (1990) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115497 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Williams, P. (2005) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637480500082108 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The real problem with 1-day diet records
Garn, S. M., Larkin, F. A., & Cole, P. E. (1978) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/31.7.1114 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A low-carbohydrate diet rapidly and dramatically reduces intrahepatic triglyceride content
Browning, J. D., Davis, J., Saboorian, H. M., & Burgess, S. C. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21264 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
3 Energy and macronutrient metabolism
Swinburn, B. A., & Ravussin, É. (1994) · Baillière s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80285-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Shim, J. E., Paik, H. Y., & Moon, H. (2007) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Study on the Dietary Habit and Health of Office Workers in Seoul
Choi, M.-K., Kim, J.-G., & Kim, J.-M. (2003) · Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yeoh, Y., Yoon, J. H., Shim, J. E., et al. (2008) · Journal of Community Nutrition · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation여윤재, Yoon, J., & Shim, J. E. (2009) · Journal of Community Nutrition · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficiency of breakfast consumption patterns of ninth graders
Nicklas, T. A., McQuarrie, A. D. R., Fastnaught, C. E., & O’Neil, C. E. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90053-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
아침식사의 규칙성이 중년 남녀의 식습관 및 영양상태에 미치는 영향
이선희, 심정수, 김지윤, et al. (1996) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Analysis of Foods and Nutrients Intake Obtained at the Final Probing Step in 24-hour Recall Method
Kang, H., Jung, H. J., & Paik, H. Y. (2009) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/kjn.2009.42.2.158 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rogers, P. J. (1997) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970139 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Study on a model of street vended food choices by Korean high school students
Cho, K., Park, S.-H., & Joo, N. (2011) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.481 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
일부 성인에서 라이프스타일에 따른 아침 결식률과 아침결식자의 결식 원인 및 식행동에 관한 조사
윤선주, 정혜련, & Kim, M. (2010) · Journal of Community Nutrition · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Choi, H. N., Chung, H. W., Hwang, J., et al. (2011) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.471 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [23]Noh HY The association of long-term dietary patterns and changes in body composition in Korean early adolescent girls 2008 Seoul Seoul National University [master's thesis]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
St-Onge, M.-P., Ard, J., Baskin, M. L., Chiuve, S. E., Johnson, H. M., Kris-Etherton, P., & Varady, K. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000476 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422414000262 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.114660 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
- Authors
- Min, C., Noh, H., Kang, Y.-S., Sim, H. J., Baik, H. W., Song, W. O., Yoon, J., Park, Y.-H., & Joung, H.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Biomedical Research center, Bundang Jaesang Hospital, Seongnam 463-050, Korea.
- Bundang Jesaeng Hospital (KR)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Rural Development Administration (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Joung, Hyojee
- Venue
- Nutrition Research and Practice
- Publisher
- XMLink
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 455
- ISSN
- 1976-1457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3221832
- OpenAlex
- W2075736517
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural Development Administration (PJ007211)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- breakfast skipping, diet quality, metabolic syndrome risk factors, serum triglycerides, dietary intake, macronutrient intake, dietary fat intake, nutrient intake, Korean adults, dietary habits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
