Latency, Duration and Dose Response Relationships of Amino Acid Effects on Human Muscle Protein Synthesis
Open accessAbstract
The components of the stimulatory effect of food on net deposition of protein are beginning to be identified and separated. One of the most important of these appears to be the effect of amino acids per se in stimulating muscle anabolism. Amino acids appear to have a linear stimulatory effect within the range of normal diurnal plasma concentrations from postabsorptive to postprandial. Within this range, muscle protein synthesis (measured by incorporation of stable isotope tracers of amino acids into biopsied muscle protein) appears to be stimulated approximately twofold; however, little further increase occurs when very high concentrations of amino acids (>2.5 times the normal postabsorptive plasma concentration) are made available. Amino acids provided in surfeit of the ability of the system to synthesize protein are disposed of by oxidation, ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. The stimulatory effect of amino acids appears to be time dependent; a square wave increase in the availability of amino acids causes muscle protein synthesis to be stimulated and to fall back to basal values, despite continued amino acid availability. The relationship between muscle protein synthesis and insulin availability suggests that most of the stimulatory effects occur at low insulin concentrations, with large increases having no effect. These findings may have implications for our understanding of the body's requirements for protein. The maximal capacity for storage of amino acids as muscle protein probably sets an upper value on the extent to which amino acids can be stored after a single meal.
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In a fasted state, MPS rates are lower and muscle protein balance is negative.
“In contrast, MPS rates are lower in a fasted state and muscle protein balance is negative.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
During the post-prandial phase (1-4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.
“During the post-prandial phase (1–4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.
“The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
Protein accretion only occurs in the fed state.
“Protein accretion only occurs in the fed state.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
MPS increases approximately 30-100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance.
“MPS increases approximately 30–100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
The major contributing factor to the MPS response to a protein-containing meal is the EAA content.
“the major contributing factor to this response is the EAA content”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
The anabolic response to feeding is pronounced but transient.
“The anabolic response to feeding is pronounced but transient.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
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International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise
Campbell, B., Kreider, R. B., Ziegenfuss, T., La Bounty, P., Roberts, M., Burke, D., Landis, J., Lopez, H., & Antonio, J. (2007) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-8 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Control of the size of the human muscle mass
Rennie, M. J., Wackerhage, H., Spangenburg, E. E., & Booth, F. W. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.052102.134444 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Self-citationSkeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: Implications for age-related sarcopenia
Wall, B. T., Dirks, M. L., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.07.003 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men
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The anabolic response to resistance exercise and a protein-rich meal is not diminished by age
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Self-citationTipton, K. D., & Witard, O. C. (2007) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2006.11.003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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Tremblay, F., Jacques, H., & Marette, A. (2005) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000172589.55434.03 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Rennie, M. J., Bohé, J., & Wolfe, R. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (FR)
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - Galveston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rennie, Michael J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3225S-3227S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167620866
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Dundee
- Wellcome Trust
- Shriners Hospitals for Children
- Hospices Civils de Lyon
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (M01-00073)
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-38010, R01DK038010)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- amino acids, muscle protein synthesis, dose-response relationship, insulin, amino acid oxidation, urea synthesis, gluconeogenesis, protein requirements, muscle anabolism
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Animals, Biological Availability, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Insulin, Muscle Proteins, Nutritional Requirements, Radioisotope Dilution Technique, Muscle, Skeletal
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