Diet Patterns Are Associated with Circulating Metabolites and Lipid Profiles of South Asians in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Background South Asians are at higher risk for cardiometabolic disease than many other racial/ethnic minority groups. Diet patterns in US South Asians have unique components associated with cardiometabolic disease.Objectives We aimed to characterize the metabolites associated with 3 representative diet patterns.Methods We included 722 participants in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) cohort study aged 40-84 y without known cardiovascular disease. Fasting serum specimens and diet and demographic questionnaires were collected at baseline and diet patterns previously generated through principal components analysis. LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic analysis was conducted with targeted integration of known metabolite and lipid signals. Linear regression models of diet pattern factor score and log-transformed metabolites adjusted for age, sex, caloric intake, and BMI and adjusted for multiple comparisons were performed, followed by elastic net linear regression of significant metabolites.Results There were 443 metabolites of known identity extracted from the profiling data. The "animal protein" diet pattern was associated with 61 metabolites and lipids, including glycerophospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine PE(O-16:1/20:4) and/or PE(P-16:0/20:4) (β: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.14) and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) NAPE(O-18:1/20:4/18:0) and/or NAPE(P-18:0/20:4/18:0) (β: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.14), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) (22:6/0:0) (β: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.17), and fatty acid (FA) (22:6) (β: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.17). The "fried snacks, sweets, high-fat dairy" pattern was associated with 12 lipids, including PC(16:0/22:6) (β: -0.08; 95% CI: -0.09, -0.06) and FA (22:6) (β: 0.14; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.10). The "fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes" pattern was associated with 5 metabolites including proline betaine (β: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.25) (P < 0.0002).Conclusions Three predominant dietary patterns in US South Asians are associated with circulating metabolites differentiated by lipids including glycerophospholipids and PUFAs and the amino acid proline betaine.
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Trigonelline is particularly abundant in plant-derived food products, such as coffee beans and fenugreek seeds, which have been reported to modulate endogenous trigonelline levels in humans.
“trigonelline is particularly abundant in plant-derived food products, such as coffee beans and fenugreek seeds, which have been reported to modulate endogenous trigonelline levels in humans4,51,52.”
From Trigonelline Is an NAD+ Precursor That Improves Muscle Function during Ageing and Is Reduced in Human Sarcopenia (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Consequently, trigonelline is particularly abundant in plant-derived food products, such as coffee beans and fenugreek seeds, which have been reported to modulate endogenous trigonelline levels in humans 4,51,52 .”
Background
- Authors
- Gadgil, M. D., Kanaya, A. M., Sands, C., Chekmeneva, E., Lewis, M. R., Kandula, N. R., & Herrington, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gadgil, Meghana D
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2358-2366
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10157813
- OpenAlex
- W4293574774
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NC_PC_12025)
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, San Francisco (UL1RR024131)
- Medical Research Council (MR/S010483/1)
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL112827, R01HL111362, R01HL093009)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK119404, P30DK098722, P30DK092924)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Keywords
- South Asian Americans, diet patterns, circulating metabolites, lipid profile, cardiometabolic disease, animal protein diet, high-fat dairy, phosphatidylethanolamine, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylinositol, docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids
- MeSH terms
- South Asian People, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Ethnicity, Humans, Lipids, Minority Groups, United States, Vegetables, Cohort Studies
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