Betaine in human nutrition

Craig, Stuart AS

doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539

Cited by 1,062Folate and B Vitamins ResearchBiochemical effects in animalsMetabolism and Genetic Disorders

Betaine in human nutrition

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Craig, Stuart AS·2004·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539

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Abstract

Betaine is distributed widely in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and rich dietary sources include seafood, especially marine invertebrates ( approximately 1%); wheat germ or bran ( approximately 1%); and spinach ( approximately 0.7%). The principal physiologic role of betaine is as an osmolyte and methyl donor (transmethylation). As an osmolyte, betaine protects cells, proteins, and enzymes from environmental stress (eg, low water, high salinity, or extreme temperature). As a methyl donor, betaine participates in the methionine cycle-primarily in the human liver and kidneys. Inadequate dietary intake of methyl groups leads to hypomethylation in many important pathways, including 1) disturbed hepatic protein (methionine) metabolism as determined by elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations and decreased S-adenosylmethionine concentrations, and 2) inadequate hepatic fat metabolism, which leads to steatosis (fatty accumulation) and subsequent plasma dyslipidemia. This alteration in liver metabolism may contribute to various diseases, including coronary, cerebral, hepatic, and vascular diseases. Betaine has been shown to protect internal organs, improve vascular risk factors, and enhance performance. Databases of betaine content in food are being developed for correlation with population health studies. The growing body of evidence shows that betaine is an important nutrient for the prevention of chronic disease.

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From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [33]

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Counteracting effects of urea and methylamines in function and structure of skeletal muscle myosin
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An Open-Label, 24-Week Pilot Study of the Methyl Donor Betaine in Alzheimer Disease Patients
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Proton nmr studies of betaine excretion in the human neonate: consequences for choline and methyl group supply
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Betaine reduces hepatic lipidosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Kinetics and osmoregulation of Na(+)-and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter in rat renal medulla
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Prevention of strychnine-induced seizures and death by the N-methylated glycine derivatives betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine
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The effect of dietary betaine on intestinal and plasma levels of betaine in uninfected and coccidia-infected broiler chicks
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Evidence for the existence of separate transport mechanisms for choline and betaine in rat kidney
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New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?
Fardet, A. (2010) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422410000041 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases
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Betaine and Trimethylamine-N-Oxide as Predictors of Cardiovascular Outcomes Show Different Patterns in Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Study
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Maternal nutritional status, C1metabolism and offspring DNA methylation: a review of current evidence in human subjects
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Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
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Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women
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Dietary choline and betaine; associations with subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease risk and incidence of CVD, coronary heart disease and stroke: the Jackson Heart Study
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Repeatability and measurement error in the assessment of choline and betaine dietary intake: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
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Betaine is a highly effective organic osmolyte but does not appear to be transported by established organic osmolyte transporters in mouse embryos
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Effects of Glycine Betaine and Related Osmolytes on Growth of Osmotically Stressed Yersinia enterocolitica
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Induction of gene expression by heat shock versus osmotic stress
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Betaine transporter cDNA cloning and effect of osmolytes on its mRNA induction
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Authors: Craig, S. A.
Corresponding author: Craig, Stuart AS
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 80
Issue: 3
Pages: 539-549
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539
OpenAlex: W1962867466
Cited by: 1,062
References: 265
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 2.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 6680 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Keywords: betaine, osmolytes, methyl donors, transmethylation, methionine cycle, homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, food sources, seafood, wheat germ, spinach, chronic disease prevention, vascular risk factors
MeSH terms: Animals, Betaine, Cardiovascular Diseases, Gastrointestinal Agents, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Kidney Diseases, Lipotropic Agents, Liver, Liver Diseases, Methionine, Methyltransferases, Osmolar Concentration, DNA Methylation, Hyperhomocysteinemia

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Betaine in human nutrition

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