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Cited by 19Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Very Low and Higher Carbohydrate Diets Promote Differential Appetite Responses in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial

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Struik, Noor A, Brinkworth, Grant D, Thompson, Campbell H, Buckley, Jonathan D, Wittert, Gary, Luscombe-Marsh, Natalie D·2020·The Journal of Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/jn/nxz344
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Abstract

Background Effects of very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets on appetite response in individuals with type 2 diabetes remain unclear.Objective A secondary analysis was conducted to determine appetite responses to an energy-restricted [30% of energy (%E) deficit] very low carbohydrate (VLC) diet compared with a higher carbohydrate (HC) diet in adults who were overweight or obese with type 2 diabetes.Methods Forty-four men and 40 women (mean ± SD, age: 58.7 ± 6.6 y; weight: 100.4 ± 15.5 kg; BMI: 34.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2; glycated hemoglobin: 7.3 ± 1.0%; duration of diabetes: 6.7 ± 5.6 y) were randomly assigned to diets categorized as VLC [14%E carbohydrate (<50 g/d), 28%E protein, 58%E fat (<10%E saturated fat)], or energy-matched HC [53%E carbohydrate, 17%E protein, 30%E fat (<10%E saturated fat)] combined with progressive multicomponent exercise (60 min; 3 d/wk). Body weight, average weekly "daily fasting" and "daily overall" appetite perceptions (hunger, fullness, prospective consumption, and desire to eat-visual analog scales) were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 16 wk. Changes between diets over time were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA.Results Significant decreases in body weight did not differ between groups (VLC: -11.0 ± 5.4 kg/16 wk compared with HC: -10.1 ± 4.3 kg/16 wk, P = 0.40). Compared with HC, VLC had greater decreases in "daily overall" ratings of fullness (P time × diet < 0.01), such that scores were higher in HC at Week 4 (VLC:48 ± 3 vs HC:56 ± 3 mm, P = 0.001) and 16 (VLC:51 ± 2 vs HC:57 ± 3 mm, P = 0.019). Compared with HC, VLC had greater increases in prospective consumption ratings (P time × diet = 0.03), such that scores were lower in HC at Week 4 (VLC:33 ± 2 vs HC:28 ± 2 mm, P = 0.008), but not at Week 16 (VLC:33 ± 2 vs HC 31 ± 2 mm, P = 0.289).Conclusions In the context of energy restriction, both HC and VLC energy-matched diets promoted comparable effects on fasting perceptions of appetite, but the HC diet resulted in greater "daily overall" fullness and reduced prospective consumption. Further research is required to evaluate the effects of ad libitum diets differing in amounts of carbohydrate on appetite response in populations with type 2 diabetes. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12612000369820.

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  • Another trial indicated that participants who consumed a calorie-restricted, high-carbohydrate diet had greater daily overall fullness than participants on a calorie-restricted, very-low-carbohydrate diet.

    “Another trial indicated that participants that consumed a calorie-restricted, high-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater daily overall fullness than participants on the calorie-restricted, very-low-carbohydrate diet [68].”

    From Benefits of low carbohydrate diets: a settled question or still controversial? (2021) · cites this paper as [68]

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Authors
Struik, N. A., Brinkworth, G. D., Thompson, C. H., Buckley, J. D., Wittert, G., & Luscombe-Marsh, N. D.
Affiliations
  • Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
  • The University of Adelaide (AU)
  • University of South Australia (AU)
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-04
Volume
150
Issue
4
Pages
800-805
ISSN
0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/jn/nxz344
OpenAlex
W2999433709
Cited by
19
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3
FWCI
1.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
erratum (2020-04-01)
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
  • UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (103415)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
very low carbohydrate diet, type 2 diabetes, appetite, hunger, satiety, caloric restriction, weight loss, obesity, physical activity, HbA1c, satiety hormones, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, adipokines, dietary fat, dietary protein, dietary fiber, glycemic control, fasting insulin
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Appetite, Energy Intake, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Satiation

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