The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today
Abstract
Evidence that the various common types of cancer are largely avoidable diseases is reviewed. Life-style and other environmental factors are divided into a dozen categories, and for each category the evidence relating those particular factors to cancer onset rates is summarized. Where possible, an estimate is made of the percentage of current U.S. cancer mortality that might have been caused or avoided by that category of factors. These estimates are based chiefly on evidence from epidemiology, as the available evidence from animal and other laboratory studies cannot provide reliable human risk assessments. By far the largest reliably known percentage is the 30% of current U.S. cancer deaths that are due to tobacco, although it is possible that some nutritional factor(s) may eventually be found to be of comparable importance. The percentage of U.S. cancer deaths that are due to tobacco is still increasing, and must be expected to continue to increase for some years yet due to the delayed effects of the adoption of cigarettes in earlier decades. Trends in mortality and in onset rates for many separate types of cancer are studied in detail in appendixes to this paper. Biases in the available data on registration of new cases produce apparent trends in cancer incidence which are spurious. Biases also produce spurious trends in cancer death certification rates, especially among old people. In (and before) middle age, where the biases are smaller, there appear to be a few real increases and a few real decreases in mortality from some particular types of cancer, but there is no evidence of any generalized increase other than that due to tobacco. Moderate increases or decreases due to some new agent(s) or habit(s) might of course be overlooked in such large-scale analyses. But, such analyses do suggest that, apart from cancer of the respiratory tract, the types of cancer that are currently common are not peculiarly modern diseases and are likely to depend chiefly on some longestablished factor(s). (A prospective study utilizing both questionnaires and stored blood and other biological materials might help elucidate these factors.) The proportion of current U.S. cancer deaths attributed to occupational factors is provisionally estimated as 4% (lung cancer being the major contributor to this). This is far smaller than has recently been suggested by various U.S. Government agencies. The matter could be resolved directly by a “case-control” study of lung cancer two or three times larger than the recently completed U.S. National Bladder Cancer Study but similar to it in methodology and unit costs; there are also other reasons for such a study. A fuller summary of conclusions and recommendations comprises the final section of this report.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Approximately 30% of all deaths from cancer in the United States are attributable to active smoking.”
In the citing paper
“Doll and Peto 32 first estimated that 35% (10% to 70%) of cancer deaths in the United States were attributable to diet, with no specific reference to obesity or physical inactivity.”
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,007
Sgambato, A., Ardito, R., Faraglia, B., Boninsegna, A., Wolf, F. I., & Cittadini, A. R. M. (2001) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00232-7 · Cited by 244
Commensal Bacteria, Redox Stress, and Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Models
Huycke, M. M., & Gaskins, H. R. (2004) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020422900702 · Cited by 244
Willett, W. C. (2000) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.5-5-393 · Cited by 249
Contemporary Occupational Carcinogen Exposure and Bladder Cancer
Cumberbatch, M. G. K., Cox, A., Teare, M. D., & Catto, J. W. F. (2015) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3209 · Cited by 244
Dietary Fiber and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Nested Case-Control Study Using Food Diaries
Dahm, C. C., Keogh, R. H., Spencer, E. A., Greenwood, D. C., Key, T. J., Fentiman, I. S., Shipley, M. J., Brunner, E. J., Cade, J. E., Burley, V. J., et al. (2010) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djq092 · Cited by 241
The trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the population of rochester, minnesota
Radhakrishnan, K., Mokri, B., Parisi, J. E., O’Fallon, W. M., Sunku, J., & Kurland, L. T. (1995) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410370113 · Cited by 240
Sulforaphane as a promising molecule for fighting cancer
Fimognari, C., & Hrelia, P. (2006) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.10.004 · Cited by 240
What are the odds that smoking will kill you?
Mattson, M. E., Pollack, E. S., & Cullen, J. W. (1987) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.77.4.425 · Cited by 239
Occupational Respiratory Diseases
Beckett, W. S. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200002103420607 · Cited by 238
Dietary Flavonoids and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Τheodoratou, E., Kyle, J., Cetnarskyj, R., Farrington, S. M., Tenesa, A., Barnetson, R. A., Porteous, M. E., Dunlop, M. G., & Campbell, H. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0785 · Cited by 232
“Colorectal cancer incidence rates are f10-fold higher in developed than developing countries, and differences in diet and lifestyle are likely to explain most of this difference (2, 3).”
BackgroundCan Noncommunicable Diseases Be Prevented? Lessons from Studies of Populations and Individuals
Ezzati, M., & Ríboli, E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1227001 · Cited by 230
Epidemiology of Multiple Myeloma
Becker, N. (2011) · Recent results in cancer research/Recent Results in Cancer Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85772-3_2 · Cited by 229
Analyses of Cancer Data from Three Ezetimibe Trials
Peto, R., Emberson, J., Landray, M., Baigent, C., Collins, R., Clare, R. M., & Califf, R. M. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa0806603 · Cited by 230
Self-citationTobacco use and cancer: an epidemiologic perspective for geneticists
Thun, M. J., Henley, S. J., & Calle, E. E. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205807 · Cited by 228
Recent advances in curcumin nanoformulation for cancer therapy
Lee, W., Loo, C., Young, P. M., Traini, D., Mason, R. S., & Rohanizadeh, R. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.2014.916686 · Cited by 232
“Cancer can be induced by both genetic and nongenetic factors, in which the former is closely associated with one’s lifestyle such as smoking, diet, obesity and lack of physical activities [2-4].”
BackgroundRisk factors for Cancer in the Work-place
Roe, F., & Lee, P. N. (1992) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.46.3.317-c · Cited by 228
Povey, R. C., Conner, M. T., SPARKS, P. B., James, R., & Shepherd, R. (2000) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440008407363 · Cited by 227
A roadmap for the development of alternative (non-animal) methods for systemic toxicity testing
Basketter, D. (2012) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.2012.1.003 · Cited by 230
“In strong contrast, the degree of contribution of chemical exposure to the overall cancer rate has been estimated at only 4% for occupational exposure, 2% for pollution, less than 1% for industrial products, and 1% for medicines and procedures (Doll and Peto, 1981).”
BackgroundEffect of cooking time and temperature on the heterocyclic amine content of fried beef patties
Knize, M. G., Dolbeare, F. A., Carroll, K. L., Moore, D. H., & Felton, J. S. (1994) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90002-7 · Cited by 225
Ordovás, J. M., & Corella, D. (2004) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.180008 · Cited by 229
Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Foods and the Occurrence of Colon Cancer in Men
Keamey, J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Wing, A. L., Kampman, E., & Willett, W. C. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008834 · Cited by 219
“International and migration studies have documented the importance of environmental factors (2, 3), with dietary factors being strongly associated with colon cancer risk (4, 5).”
BackgroundKang, K. S., Wang, P., Yamabe, N., Fukui, M., Jay, T. R., & Zhu, B. T. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010296 · Cited by 222
“Epidemiological studies have led to the suggestion that at least one-third of the human cancers are associated with diet [37].”
BackgroundCell cycle control as a basis for cancer chemoprevention through dietary agents
Meeran, S. M. (2007) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2834 · Cited by 222
“is evident from: (i) epidemiological studies (1), from animal models and from the observation that many humancancer-susceptibility syndromes arise from mutations in genes involved in DNA-damage responses, (ii) DNA damage is used to cure cancer (2).”
BackgroundNCI dietary guidelines: rationale
Butrum, R. R., Clifford, C. K., & Lanza, E. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.3.888 · Cited by 217
Lewin, M., Bailey, N., Bandaletova, T., Bowman, R., Cross, A. J., Pollock, J. R. A., Shuker, D. E. G., & Bingham, S. A. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2237 · Cited by 219
General insight into cancer: An overview of colorectal cancer (Review)
Alzahrani, S. M., Doghaither, H. A. A., & Al-Ghafari, A. B. (2021) · Molecular and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.3892/mco.2021.2433 · Cited by 242
Selenium from High Selenium Broccoli Protects Rats from Colon Cancer
Finley, J. W., Davis, C. D., & Feng, Y. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.9.2384 · Cited by 218
Nutrition and colonic health: the critical role of the microbiota
O’Keefe, S. J. (2008) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e3282f323f3 · Cited by 218
Work site-based cancer prevention: primary results from the Working Well Trial.
Sorensen, G., Thompson, B., Glanz, K., Feng, Z., Kinne, S., DiClemente, C. M., Emmons, K. M., Heimendinger, J., Probart, C., & Lichtenstein, E. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.7.939 · Cited by 216
The relationship of psychosocial factors to prognostic indicators in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Temoshok, L. R., Heller, B. W., Sagebiel, R. W., Blois, M. S., Sweet, D. M., DiClemente, R. J., & Gold, M. L. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90035-2 · Cited by 212
Regular use of alcohol and tobacco in India and its association with age, gender, and poverty
Neufeld, K. J., Peters, D. H., Rani, M., Bonu, S., & Brooner, R. K. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.022 · Cited by 216
de Vries, H., Kremers, S., Smeets, T., Brug, J., & Eijmael, K. (2008) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.22.6.417 · Cited by 215
Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90263-c · Cited by 213
Serum folate, homocysteine and colorectal cancer risk in women: a nested case–control study
Kato, I., Dnistrian, A. M., Schwartz, M. K., Toniolo, P. G., Koenig, K. L., Shore, R. E., Akhmedkhanov, A., Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte, A., & Ríboli, E. (1999) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690305 · Cited by 212
“Although a genetic predisposition to the disea recognized, ample differences in cancer incidence between tries, over time and among migrants have been interprete suggestive of a prominent role of environmental exposures, cially diet (Doll and Peto, 1981).”
BackgroundSex differences in lung cancer susceptibility: A review
Kiyohara, C., & Ohno, Y. (2010) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.genm.2010.10.002 · Cited by 206
The Power of Phytochemicals Combination in Cancer Chemoprevention
Rizeq, B. R., Gupta, I., Ilesanmi, J., Alsafran, M. H. S. A., Rahman, M. M., & Ouhtit, A. (2020) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.34374 · Cited by 216
“Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify novel approaches and therapies that may offer relatively cost-effective regimens with less undesired side effects [22].”
BackgroundEpidemiology — identifying the causes and preventability of cancer?
Colditz, G. A., Sellers, T. A., & Trapido, E. J. (2005) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1784 · Cited by 215
Kandlikar, S. G., Perez‐Raya, I., Raghupathi, P. A., Gonzalez-Hernandez, J.-L., Dabydeen, D. A., Medeiros, L., & Phatak, P. D. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.086 · Cited by 209
“developing cancer have not been determined [1,2].”
Molecular Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
Zöchbauer‐Müller, S., Gazdar, A. F., & Minna, J. D. (2002) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155828 · Cited by 209
European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Diet and cancer
Norat, T., Scoccianti, C., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Anderson, A. S., Berrino, F., Cecchini, M., Espina, C., Key, T. J., Leitzmann, M. F., Powers, H. J., et al. (2015) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.12.016 · Cited by 216
“In 1981, Doll and Peto estimated that 35% of cancer deaths might be avoidable by changes in diet and tackling obesity [1].”
BackgroundComorbid Cigarette and Alcohol Addiction
Miller, N. S., & Gold, M. S. (1998) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v17n01_06 · Cited by 210
Calories and carcinogenesis: lessons learned from 30 years of calorie restriction research
Hursting, S. D., Smith, S. M., Lashinger, L. M., Harvey, A. E., & Perkins, S. N. (2009) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp280 · Cited by 209
“As Pariza and Boutwell noted, the long-time underappreciation of CR in cancer research was likely due to a problem in terminology [13] in that more interest might have been aroused if the freely fed mice had been described as obese instead of the mice on the restricted diet being described as small! [14].”
BackgroundDietary conjugated Linoleic acid modulation of phorbol ester skin tumor promotion
Belury, M. A., Nickel, K. P., Bird, C. E., & Wu, Y. (1996) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589609514471 · Cited by 205
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors of DNA Methylation
Lim, U., & Song, M. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_23 · Cited by 207
Bray, F., & Soerjomataram, I. (2015) · Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 3): Cancer · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0349-9_ch2 · Cited by 209
“Errors of death certification are well documented (Doll and Peto 1981); patients diagnosed with cancer, for example, may die of the disease without this being written on the death certificate, and such inaccuracies are known to vary considerably between countries and over time.”
Breinholt, V. M., & Larsen, J. C. (1998) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx970170y · Cited by 203
Breakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children
Nicklas, T. A., Bao, W., Webber, L. S., et al. (1993) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(93)91527-w · Cited by 202
Role of chemopreventers in human diet
Stavrić, B. (1994) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0009-9120(94)00039-5 · Cited by 202
Effects of genotype and treatment on the antioxidant activity of sweet potato in Taiwan
Huang, Y.-C., Chang, Y., & Shao, Y. (2005) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.083 · Cited by 201
Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: Results from the Dutch SMILE study
de Vries, H., Riet, J. V. ‘., Spigt, M., Metsemakers, J. F. M., van den Akker, M., Vermunt, J. K., & Kremers, S. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.005 · Cited by 202
Linoleic acid intake and cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis.
Zock, P., & Katan, M. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.1.142 · Cited by 225
Anthocyanins in Black Raspberries Prevent Esophageal Tumors in Rats
Wang, L.-S., Hecht, S. S., Carmella, S. G., Yu, N., Larue, B., Henry, C. L., McIntyre, C., Rocha, C., Lechner, J. F., & Stoner, G. D. (2009) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0155 · Cited by 197
“Although Doll and Peto (5) reported that ∼35% of human cancer mortality is caused by diet, more than 250 population-based studies, including case-control and cohort studies, indicate that persons who eat about five servings of fruit and vegetables per day have approximately half the risk of developing cancer—particula…”
BackgroundMechanisms of Microbial Hydrogen Disposal in the Human Colon and Implications for Health and Disease
Nakamura, N., Lin, H. C., McSweeney, C. S., Mackie, R. I., & Gaskins, H. R. (2010) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124101 · Cited by 200
“Doll & Peto (1981) estimated that more than 90% of gastrointestinal cancers are determined by environmental factors such as diet.”
BackgroundCancer Chemoprevention and Piperine: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
Rather, R. A., & Bhagat, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2018.00010 · Cited by 198
“Diet alone contributes to ∼30–35% of cancer-related demises (Doll and Peto, 1981).”
BackgroundCYP2E1-mediated mechanism of anti-genotoxicity of the broccoli constituent sulforaphane
Barcelo, S., Gardiner, J. M., Gescher, A. J., & Chipman, J. K. (1996) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/17.2.277 · Cited by 196
Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Epigenetics
Sapienza, C., & Issa, J. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112634 · Cited by 202
HIGH-DOSE INTRAVENOUS GAMMAGLOBULIN FOR MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Gajdos, P., Outin, H., Elkharrat, D., et al. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90469-0 · Cited by 195
Llewellyn, C. D., Johnson, N. W., & Warnakulasuriya, S. (2004) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00222.x · Cited by 194
Walnuts (Juglans regia) Chemical Composition and Research in Human Health
Hayes, D., Angove, M. J., Tucci, J., & Dennis, C. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.760516 · Cited by 214
“Doll and Peto (1981) in an assessment of the causes of cancer in humans concluded that approximately one-third were correlated to dietary factors.”
BackgroundKnight, J. A. (2001) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(01)35014-x · Cited by 197
Screening for breast cancer with mammography
Gøtzsche, P. C., & Nielsen, M. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001877.pub3 · Cited by 195
Absorption, metabolism, and functions of β-cryptoxanthin
Burri, B. J., Frano, M. R. L., & Zhu, C. (2016) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv064 · Cited by 194
Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective
Doll, R. (1998) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029800700202 · Cited by 223
Self-citationKim, Y.-I., Salomon, R., Graeme‐Cook, F., Choi, S., Smith, D. E., Dallal, G. E., & Mason, J. B. (1996) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.39.5.732 · Cited by 191
The impact of moderate wine consumption on health
Artero, A., Artero, A., Tarín, J. J., & Cano, A. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.007 · Cited by 200
Vallières, E., Pintos, J., Parent, M., & Siemiatycki, J. (2015) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-14-1 · Cited by 191
“Although tobacco smoking is by far the main determinant of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of the cases among men, environmental and occupational exposures also contribute greatly, with the estimated attributable fraction varying from 5% to 15% [2,3].”
Antimutagens and anticarcinogens in foods
Stavrić, B. (1994) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(84)90040-1 · Cited by 191
Steinkellner, H., Rabot, S., Freywald, C., Nobis, E., Scharf, G., Chabicovsky, M., Knasmüller, S., & Kassie, F. (2001) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00188-9 · Cited by 191
Jha, P. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.49979 · Cited by 201
“This various reasons for the difference in reliability have been reviewed earlier (Doll and Peto, 1981; Jha, 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAballay, L. R., Eynard, A. R., Díaz, M. D. P., Navarro, A., & Muñoz, S. E. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00533.x · Cited by 195
Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
Wahle, K. W. J., Brown, I. M., Rotondo, D., & Heys, S. D. (2010) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_4 · Cited by 201
Cancer prevention research — then and now
Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2009) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2646 · Cited by 193
Jenab, M., Ríboli, E., Cleveland, R. J., Norat, T., Rinaldi, S., Nieters, A., Biessy, C., Tjønneland, A. M., Olsen, A., Overvad, K., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22697 · Cited by 187
“Dietary and lifestyle factors play a large role in colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology and may account for a majority of CRC cases.(1,2) In particular, high intakes of fats, red/processed meats and low intakes of dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables accompanied with physical inactivity and overweight are thought to be as…”
BackgroundInoue, M., Sawada, N., Matsuda, T., Iwasaki, M., Sasazuki, S., Shimazu, T., Shibuya, K., & Tsugane, S. (2011) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr437 · Cited by 185
How Can Research on Plants Contribute to Promoting Human Health?
Martin, C. R., Butelli, E., Petroni, K., & Tonelli, C. (2011) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.111.083279 · Cited by 185
“…effects of metabolites produced by plants has led to the suggestion that such metabolites (phytonutrients) may work by blocking the development of latent precancerous microtumors (Doll and Peto, 1981; Surh, 2003; Dorai and Aggarwal, 2004; Béliveau and Gingras, 2007; Gingras and Beliveau, 2007).”
BackgroundTobacco smoking and risks of more than 470 diseases in China: a prospective cohort study
Chan, K. H., Wright, N., Xiao, D., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Du, H., Yang, L., Millwood, I. Y., Pei, P., Wang, J., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00227-4 · Cited by 187
Self-citationViegas, O., Novo, P., Pinto, E., Pinho, O., & Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. (2012) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.051 · Cited by 183
Fahey, J. W., Wehage, S. L., Holtzclaw, W. D., Kensler, T. W., Egner, P. A., Shapiro, T. A., & Talalay, P. (2012) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0538 · Cited by 183
“It is widely accepted that human consumption of plantrich diets, and consequently lower intake of other foods, reduces the risk of developing cancer and other age-related chronic diseases (1, 2).”
Anticarcinogenic Factors in Plant Foods: A New Class of Nutrients?
Johnson, I. T., Williamson, G., & Musk, S. R. R. (1994) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19940011 · Cited by 183
The Role of Human Glutathione Transferases and Epoxide Hydrolases in the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
Seidegård, J., & Ekström, G. (1997) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.105-1470052 · Cited by 210
Conney, A. H., Lysz, T. W., Ferraro, T., et al. (1991) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/0065-2571(91)90025-h · Cited by 182
Minireview on the toxicity of dietary acrylamide
Parzefall, W. (2007) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.027 · Cited by 182
Kiyosawa, H., Suko, M., Okudaira, H., Murata, K., Miyamoto, E., Chung, M., Kasai, H., & Nishimura, S. (1990) · Free Radical Research Communications · doi:10.3109/10715769009109664 · Cited by 179
Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Du, G., Qi, L., Calway, T., He, T., Du, W., & Yuan, C. (2013) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2013.1946 · Cited by 180
“Epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary factors are one of the major concerns in cancer etiology and may account for ≤35% of the difference in cancer incidences (7,8).”
BackgroundCancer mortality in Europe, 1995–1999, and an overview of trends since 1960
Levi, F., Lucchini, F., Negri, E., Boyle, P., & Vecchia, C. L. (2004) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20097 · Cited by 176
Ganapathy, V., Manyanga, J., Brame, L. S., McGuire, D., Sadhasivam, B., Floyd, E. L., Rubenstein, D. A., Ramachandran, I., Wagener, T. L., & Queimado, L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177780 · Cited by 178
“DNA damage is the main initiator of cancer [61] and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aging, neurodegenerative, pulmonary, and cardiovascular diseases [62, 63].”
BackgroundSilva, G. A. E., de Moura, L., Curado, M. P., Gomes, F. D. S., Otero, U. B., Rezende, L. F. M., Daumas, R. P., Guimarães, R. M., Meira, K. C., Leite, I. D. C., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148761 · Cited by 176
“In 1981, Doll and Peto [4] estimated that 30% of cancer deaths in the of estimated cancers in male United States (US) were linked to tobacco smoking.”
BackgroundMcCullough, M. L., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2004) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207716 · Cited by 185
Grossarth-Maticek, R., Bastiaans, J., & Kanazir, D. T. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90038-8 · Cited by 173
Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer
Ikeda, A., Nishiumi, S., Shinohara, M., et al. (2011) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.1671 · Cited by 176
Occupational and Environmental Causes of Lung Cancer
Field, R. W., & Withers, B. L. (2012) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2012.07.001 · Cited by 177
Finley, J. W. (2005) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mci123 · Cited by 176
“Of far greater importance, diet may be a source of bioactive compounds (Doll and Peto, 1981) that suppress cancer by mechanisms such as regulation of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis in compromised cells, and/or regulation of detoxification enzyme systems.”
BackgroundCancer risk of air pollution: epidemiological evidence.
Hemminki, K., & Pershagen, G. (1994) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s4187 · Cited by 175
“34,440 doctors United Kingdom No increase in relative death rate in Smoking Doll and Peto, followed 1951 to 1971 "conturbations, large towns, or small towns" 1981 (28) in comparison with rural areas.”
BackgroundOcvirk, S., & O’Keefe, S. J. (2017) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-017-0219-5 · Cited by 179
Is Gastric Carcinoma an Infectious Disease?
Correa, P. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199110173251611 · Cited by 174
Pulses and carcinogenesis: potential for the prevention of colon, breast and other cancers
Mathers, J. C. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002717 · Cited by 171
“There is substantial evidence (Doll & Peto, 1981; Willett, 1995) that variation in diet can account for about onethird of the variation in cancer incidence worldwide and that diets rich in plant foods are associated with reduced risk of cancer at most sites (World Cancer Research Fund/American…”
BackgroundPolyphenols as small molecular inhibitors of signaling cascades in carcinogenesis
Kang, N. J., Shin, S. H., Lee, H. J., & Lee, K. W. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.02.004 · Cited by 174
CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER: The Rise and Demise of Beta-Carotene
Omenn, G. S. (1998) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.73 · Cited by 172
New approaches to the role of diet in the prevention of cancers of the alimentary tract
Johnson, I. T. (2004) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.02.017 · Cited by 169
“This was slightly more than were thought to be attributable to tobacco smoke, although the confidence limits on this estimate were large, and the precise dietary factors involved were not identifiable [1].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Doll, R., & Peto, R.
- ORCID
- Peto, Richard
- Venue
- JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1981-06-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1192-1308
- ISSN
- 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2105
- OpenAlex
- W4292230194
- Cited by
- 3,927
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 108
- FWCI
- 38.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Keywords
- cancer etiology, lifestyle factors, environmental risk factors, tobacco use, cancer mortality, cancer incidence trends, occupational cancer, lung cancer, dietary factors, cancer prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
