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Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
Open accessAbstract
Public health measures were decisive in controlling the SARS epidemic in 2003. Isolation is the separation of ill persons from non-infected persons. Quarantine is movement restriction, often with fever surveillance, of contacts when it is not evident whether they have been infected but are not yet symptomatic or have not been infected. Community containment includes measures that range from increasing social distancing to community-wide quarantine. Whether these measures will be sufficient to control 2019-nCoV depends on addressing some unanswered questions.
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“Regarding the first research question and definition of quarantine, there were three references to quarantine history, two of which mentioned the outbreak of plague in Italy in the 14th century as the origin of the term.”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Inonecase,itwasstatedthatthetimeof waiting was 30 days for the ship and 40 days for the passengers (6, 11).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Quarantine was successfully implemented as an effective measure during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)epidemicin2003,andithasbeenrecognized as an important component of pandemic influenza programs (6).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Quarantine is said to be one of the oldest and most effective means of controlling the spread of communicable diseases.”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In one study, reference was made to the social distance, which included closing schools, office buildings, public markets, and canceling any public gathering (6).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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“More assertive top-down policies such as travel bans and social distancing rules may drive bottom-up initiatives within communities under legal deterrence.(135) However, in order to ensure population-level compliance to recommendations that have wide-ranging socioeconomic impact and involve more than a day-to-day beha…”
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Reflexões sobre distanciamento, isolamento social e quarentena como medidas preventivas da COVID-19
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“Studies highlight that “social distancing” is one of the pivotal public health measures to reduce the transmission in places were there is evidence of community transmission [6].”
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Gopichandran, V. (2020) · Indian Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.20529/ijme.2020.053 · Cited by 25
“Physical distancing, quarantine of international travellers and their contacts, isolation of people with infection, hand hygiene measures, cough etiquette and wearing of face masks have all been promoted aggressively (3).”
The Impact of Breaching Lockdown on the Spread of COVID-19 in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Hussein, N. R., Naqid, I. A., Saleem, Z. S. M., Musa, D. H., & Ibrahim, N. (2020) · Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.34172/ajcmi.2020.07 · Cited by 24
Response of the Public to Preventive Measures of COVID-19 in Iraqi Kurdistan
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“”9We documented whether participants (1) try to minimize their risk of exposure through reducing close exposure to respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing; (2) visit public areas during the COVID-19 epidemic, like restaurants, markets, and parties; (3) use face masks/tissues when they sneeze in a public locatio…”
BackgroundHikikomori and the COVID-19 pandemic: not leaving behind the socially withdrawn
Roza, T. H., Spritzer, D. T., Gadelha, A., & Passos, I. C. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1145 · Cited by 24
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Relevance of the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase as a Target for COVID-19 Therapy
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“…workforce, such as supermarket employees, public servants and police, were also on the streets to maintain a functioning society, exposing them to a greater risk of contracting COVID-19 than those in quarantine (Rubin & Wessely, 2020; Webster et al., 2020; WHO, 2020; Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
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“With the absence of validated treatment strategies or vaccines, the only effective public health intervention to manage transmittable diseases is to control person-to-person infections through social distancing, isolation, quarantine, and community containment procedures (Cetron and Simone 2004; Masters et al. 2020; W…”
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“Lockdown policies have generated unprecedented controversy as their potential benefits are weighed against direct and indirect harms, as well as impositions on civil liberties [8].”
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“Social distancing limits person-to-person contacts (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020), and may lead to social isolation and loneliness.”
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“In the twenty-first century, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its negative consequences are a health threat to the people worldwide (1, 2).”
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Lessons Learnt from COVID-19: Computational Strategies for Facing Present and Future Pandemics
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“In the first stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, extraordinary sanitary measures, such as physical and social distancing, wearing face masks, and eye protection devices [18,19] were adopted to prevent the collapse of the public healthcare system [20], due to the imbalance between the high demand and the low availability…”
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“appointments to promote social distancing and reduce exposure to vulnerable patients.(1,2) In this analysis, ‘tele-”
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“In the absence of specific therapeutics or effective immunization particularly during the early stages of a potentially pandemic outbreak such as COVID-19, public health measures are critical to prevent and interrupt the person-to-person transmission of the virus through respiratory droplets and close contact [12].”
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“With no vaccine or treatment, ‘‘social distancing,’’ or reducing interpersonal and community interaction, may be the only way to minimize disease transmission.(3) Accordingly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published recommendations on March 9, 2020, for health care in Seattle, Washington, to cancel no…”
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“While lockdown has been essential, governments and health systems have not been well-prepared tomanage the consequences of social disconnection caused by this policy (2, 3).”
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BackgroundExtent to which COVID-19 will affect future use of the train in Israel
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“However, with SARS-CoV-2, the limiting factors for isolation and quarantine are early transmissibility, unknown viral shedding patterns, the possibility of fomite transmission, and the short incubation period.(3) Therefore, there is a need to resort to measures beyond simple containment.”
MethodCOVID-19 pandemic: stop panic abandonment of household pets
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“However, the main spread is thought to be due to human-to-human transmission, and therefore implementing non-pharmaceutical measures that interrupt human-to-human chains of transmission is the mainstay to contain this outbreak.(2) A dog owner was tested positive for COVID-19 on 25 February 2020 in Hong Kong.”
BackgroundHuamaní, C., Timaná-Ruíz, R., Pinedo, J., Pérez-Núñez, J.-R., & Vásquez, L. (2020) · Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública · doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2020.372.5405 · Cited by 22
“Es en este contexto que, desde una perspectiva de modelamiento matemático, una medida de aislamiento social obligatorio como la cuarentena era la única opción para el control oportuno de la epidemia (18), medida que finalmente se adoptó en el Perú (19).”
BackgroundSwol, J., & Lorusso, R. (2020) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.13748 · Cited by 22
“Isolation, quarantine, social distancing, and community containment play a pivotal role in public health measures aimed at slowing the spread of this virus (3).”
BackgroundCarrión, D. M., Mantica, G., Antón-Juanilla, M., Pang, K. H., Tappero, S., Rodríguez-Serrano, A. I., Parodi, S., Crespo-Atín, V., Cansino, R., Terrone, C., et al. (2020) · Actas Urológicas Españolas · doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2020.08.006 · Cited by 22
“Tamaño del cálculo, n (%) 0,03 < 5 mm 58 (50,9) 34 (44,7) 24 (63,2)”
InfluentialBavare, A. C., Goldman, J. R., Musick, M., Sembera, K. A., Sardual, A. A., Lam, A. K., Tume, S. C., Thammasitboon, S., & Williams, E. A. (2021) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000002704 · Cited by 24
Shabu, S. A., M-Amin, K. M., Mahmood, K. I., & Shabila, N. P. (2021) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2021.1915909 · Cited by 22
“This is quite important in places where community transmission has occurred (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
BackgroundAnalisis Proses Pembelajaran Daring pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19
Aini, K. (2021) · Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran · doi:10.30605/jsgp.4.1.2021.585 · Cited by 22
After COVID-19: What Can We Learn About Wicked Problem Governance?
Klasche, B. (2020) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100173 · Cited by 29
Self-reported dietary changes among Los Angeles County adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Miller, S., de Bruin, W. B., Livings, M. S., Wilson, J. P., Weber, K., Frazzini, A., Babboni, M., & de la Haye, K. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105586 · Cited by 23
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence and child abuse
Bucerius, S. M., Roberts, B. W. R., & Jones, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.204 · Cited by 21
“…the national, and sometimes local, context, some of these measures include work-from-home advisories, compulsory “shelter-in-place” orders, the closure of schools and non-essential services, as well as restrictions on social gatherings, travel, and border crossings (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
BackgroundKosciejew, M. R. H. (2021) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-04-2021-0079 · Cited by 22
Ming, W., Huang, F., Chen, Q., Liang, B., Jiao, A., Liu, T., Wu, H., Akinwunmi, B. O., Li, J., Liu, G. K., et al. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/26644 · Cited by 26
“Thus, if the public lacked interest or understanding in public measures, this could jeopardize COVID-19 prevention and control [47,52,53].”
BackgroundLandaeta‐Díaz, L., Durán‐Agüero, S., Veloz, M. F. V., Carpio-Arias, T. V., Cavagnari, B. M., Ríos-Castillo, I., Nava‐González, E. J., López, S. C., Guillén, S. I., Pérez-Armijo, P., et al. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100933 · Cited by 23
Factors Affecting Consumers’ Purchasing of Suboptimal Foods during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Yang, C. K., & Chen, X. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12010099 · Cited by 23
“As COVID-19 is extremely contagious [19], at the beginning of the pandemic, people were forced to stay at home due to government bans [20], and a large number of foods and daily necessities in the supermarket were quickly sold out.”
BackgroundCavazzoni, F., Pancake, R., & Veronese, G. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211066259 · Cited by 23
“The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a theory that helps predict how fear can mobilise either adaptive, self-protective actions or maladaptive, self-defeating actions (Witte, 1992, 1998; Witte et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPan, J., Pierre, J. M. S., Pickering, T. A., Demirjian, N. L., Fields, B. K. K., Desai, B., & Gholamrezanezhad, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218189 · Cited by 22
“As effective antiviral therapies and vaccines remain unavailable, current efforts to halt the transmission of COVID-19 rely on social distancing, individual quarantine and isolation, and community containment measures [5].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Social Distancing Practice in Latin America
Alicea-Planas, J., Trudeau, J. M., & Vásquez, W. F. (2021) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/1540415320985141 · Cited by 22
“Social distancing is useful in settings where community transmission has occurred (as is the case with COVID-19), but where the linkages between cases is unclear (i.e., limited capacity for contact tracing) as seen in many developing countries (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
BackgroundDagne, H., Alemu, K., Dagnew, B., Tadesse, D., Alemayehu, A. M., Andualem, Z., & Amare, D. E. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-34504/v1 · Cited by 22
“Old-style public health measures, isolation, social distancing, avoidance of hand shake and community containment, are some of effective methods to prevent a disease when vaccine is not available (16).”
BackgroundLansangan, R. V. (2020) · KIMIKA · doi:10.26534/kimika.v31i1.20-37 · Cited by 21
“…is one of the strongly promoted practices by creating and keeping safe distances among individuals, limiting free movements, placing people in quarantine, and closing businesses and services that are not considered essential (Abel & McQueen, 2020; Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020; Miller, 2020).”
BackgroundZheng, Z., Wu, K., Yao, Z., Zheng, X., Zheng, J., & Chen, J. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05417-5 · Cited by 21
Durmuş, H., Gökler, M. E., & Metintaş, S. (2020) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.20.381 · Cited by 21
“The finding that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by asymptomatic individuals brought social isolation to the forefront, and plans have been made to minimize contact among individuals by isolating and quarantining people at home and restricting the use of public areas [29,30].”
BackgroundAli, Z., Sharif, B. O., Kamali, A., Abbas, V. T., Ahmed, A. K., Mahmood, S. O., ahmed, C. J., & Abdulqader, S. A. (2020) · Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research · doi:10.24017/science.2020.2.1 · Cited by 21
“Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research | Volume 5 – Issue 2 – December 2020 | 12 [9] A.”
BackgroundMetchik, A., Boyd, S., Kons, Z. A., Vilchez, V., Villano, A. M., Lazar, J. F. L., Anand, R., Jackson, P., & Stern, J. M. (2020) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.12.012 · Cited by 21
Mati, S. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113645 · Cited by 21
Repurposing of approved drug molecules for viral infectious diseases: a molecular modelling approach
Kumar, N., Sarma, H., & Sastry, G. N. (2021) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1905558 · Cited by 22
“The re-emergence of CoVs has created an alarming situation and demanding urgent treatment to stop the potential death of infected patients (Malik et al., 2020; Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
BackgroundWu, G., Deng, X., & Liu, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01953-8 · Cited by 25
“…to the absence of vaccines and antivirals, the best way to interrupt human-tohuman transmission and halt the pandemic worldwide was the implementation of traditional public health measures, such as isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
Zamarripa, J., Zepeda, S. D. M., Gurrola, O. C., Allende, G. F., & Gallegos, J. B. G. (2021) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v42i0.87278 · Cited by 22
Kiyasu, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Akashi, Y., Kato, D., Kuwahara, M., Muramatsu, S., Notake, S., Ueda, A., Nakamura, K., Ishikawa, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2021.07.005 · Cited by 21
RETRACTED: Multi-criteria analysis of social isolation barriers amid COVID-19 using fuzzy AHP
Upadhyay, H. K., Juneja, S., Maggu, S., Dhingra, G., & Juneja, A. (2021) · World Journal of Engineering · doi:10.1108/wje-04-2021-0195 · Cited by 21
RetractedZhai, W., Fu, X., Liu, M., & Peng, Z. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211050183 · Cited by 21
“Particularly, social distancing threatens to exacerbate social isolation and thus leads to long-term health issues (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilder-Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O.
- Affiliations
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- University of Alabama (US)
- ORCID
- Freedman, D O
- Venue
- Journal of Travel Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-02-13
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1195-1982 (ISSN-L)
- 1708-8305
- PMC
- PMC7107565
- OpenAlex
- W3006533361
- Cited by
- 2,727
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 489 · 2021: 870 · 2020: 833
- FWCI
- 99.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Travel Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, isolation, quarantine, social distancing, fever surveillance, contact tracing, SARS, epidemic control, public health measures
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Humans, Patient Isolation, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Quarantine, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
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