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Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
Open accessAbstract
Public health measures were decisive in controlling the SARS epidemic in 2003. Isolation is the separation of ill persons from non-infected persons. Quarantine is movement restriction, often with fever surveillance, of contacts when it is not evident whether they have been infected but are not yet symptomatic or have not been infected. Community containment includes measures that range from increasing social distancing to community-wide quarantine. Whether these measures will be sufficient to control 2019-nCoV depends on addressing some unanswered questions.
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“Regarding the first research question and definition of quarantine, there were three references to quarantine history, two of which mentioned the outbreak of plague in Italy in the 14th century as the origin of the term.”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Inonecase,itwasstatedthatthetimeof waiting was 30 days for the ship and 40 days for the passengers (6, 11).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Quarantine was successfully implemented as an effective measure during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)epidemicin2003,andithasbeenrecognized as an important component of pandemic influenza programs (6).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Quarantine is said to be one of the oldest and most effective means of controlling the spread of communicable diseases.”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In one study, reference was made to the social distance, which included closing schools, office buildings, public markets, and canceling any public gathering (6).”
From Definitions and psychological impacts of quarantine and strategies to reduce it: A review paper (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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COVID-19 pandemic: changes in cancer admissions
Güven, D. C., Aktaş, B. Y., Aksun, M. S., Üçgül, E., Şahin, T. K., Yildirim, H. Ç., Güner, G., Kertmen, N., Dızdar, Ö., Kılıçkap, S., et al. (2020) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002468 · Cited by 35
Atalay, S., & Solmazer, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.578190 · Cited by 36
Varma, D., & Dutta, P. (2022) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-09-2021-0535 · Cited by 39
Time-to-Death approach in revealing Chronicity and Severity of COVID-19 across the World
Verma, V., Vishwakarma, R. K., Verma, A., Nath, D. C., & Khan, H. T. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233074 · Cited by 34
“In order to minimize the transmission and spreading of COVID-19, ‘community-wide containment’ [11] is also required to be implemented on proper time.”
BackgroundImpact of delayed orthodontic care during COVID-19 pandemic: Emergency, disability, and pain
Turkistani, K. A. (2020) · Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists · doi:10.1016/j.ejwf.2020.07.004 · Cited by 34
“This includes quarantine measures, dusk-to-dawn curfew, and 24hour lockdown, with particular emphasis on social distancing [15].”
BackgroundWpływ kwarantanny na zdrowie psychiczne podczas pandemii COVID-19
Sokół-Szawłowska, M. (2020) · Psychiatria · doi:10.5603/psych.a2020.0046 · Cited by 34
Gomes, J. C., Masood, A. I., Silva, L. H. D. S., Ferreira, J., Freire, A., Rocha, A., Portela, L., da Silva, N. R. C., Fernandes, B. J. T., & dos Santos, W. P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90766-7 · Cited by 41
Refay, A. S. E., Hashem, S. A., Mostafa, H. H., Kamel, I. H., & Sherif, L. S. (2021) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center · doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00590-2 · Cited by 36
Bohlken, J., Kostev, K., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Hoffmann, W. U., & Michalowsky, B. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.016 · Cited by 34
Bagi, H. R. M., Soleimanpour, M., Abdollahi, F., & Soleimanpour, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258697 · Cited by 34
“Therefore, in the current high-risk situation, it is necessary to identify the consequences of the disease in order to maintain the health of individuals with appropriate strategies and techniques [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialSilva‐Costa, A., Griep, R. H., & Rotenberg, L. (2022) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00198321 · Cited by 64
Evaluation of the Strategies to Control COVID-19 Pandemic in Four European Countries
Gianino, M. M., Nurchis, M. C., Politano, G. M. M., Rousset, S., & Damiani, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.700811 · Cited by 33
Trends of solid waste generation during COVID-19 Pandemic: A review
Olawade, D. B., Wada, O. Z., Ore, O. T., David-Olawade, A. C., Esan, D. T., Egbewole, B. I., & Ling, J. (2023) · Waste Management Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.wmb.2023.10.002 · Cited by 33
Sutin, A. R., Robinson, E., Daly, M., Gerend, M. A., Stéphan, Y., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Strickhouser, J. E., Lee, J. H., Sesker, A. A., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22914 · Cited by 33
“Yet, there are also significant psychological (3), behavioral (4), and interpersonal (5) consequences of the current crisis.”
BackgroundNese, M., Riboli, G., Brighetti, G., Sassi, V., Camela, E., Caselli, G., Sassaroli, S., & Borlimi, R. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01317-9 · Cited by 33
Álvarez, M. M., Gonzalez‐González, E., & Santiago, G. T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83697-w · Cited by 33
Mushtaque, I., Rizwan, M. S., Abbas, M., Khan, A. A., Fatima, S. M., Jafri, Q. A., Mushtaq, R., Hussain, S., Shabbir, S. W., Naz, R., et al. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211054316 · Cited by 47
“For instance, closure and minimization of active hours for shopping malls, educational institutes, and social gatherings encourage work from home (Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020).”
BackgroundMilenkovic, A. M., Jankovic, D. S., & Rajkovic, P. J. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104224 · Cited by 33
The risks of social distancing for older adults: a call to balance
Vernooij-Dassen, M. J. F. J., Verhey, F. R. J., & Lapid, M. I. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220001350 · Cited by 32
“Social distancing may reduce transmission of respiratory droplets (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020).”
BackgroundTiming of national lockdown and mortality in COVID-19: The Italian experience
Silverio, A., Maio, M. D., Ciccarelli, M., Carrizzo, A., Vecchione, C., & Galasso, G. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.006 · Cited by 32
RESPONS GURU TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19
Simanjuntak, S. Y., Kismartini, ., Dwimawanti, I. H., & Hidayatullah, M. A. (2020) · Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Citra Bakti · doi:10.38048/jipcb.v7i2.108 · Cited by 32
Mathematical modeling and optimal control analysis of COVID-19 in Ethiopia
Tilahun, G. T., & Alemneh, H. T. (2021) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics · doi:10.1080/09720502.2021.1874086 · Cited by 32
Air pollution perception in ten countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lou, B., Barbieri, D. M., Passavanti, M., Hui, C., Gupta, A., Hoff, I., Lessa, D. A., Sikka, G., Chang, K. N., Fang, K., et al. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01574-2 · Cited by 33
Kaim, A., Siman‐Tov, M., Jaffe, E., & Adini, B. B. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102596 · Cited by 32
Chu, D., Singh, V., Ngoc, S.-M. V., Nguyen, T.-L., & Barceló, . (2022) · Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100184 · Cited by 32
Lim, M. H., Qualter, P., Thurston, L., Eres, R., Hennessey, A., Holt‐Lunstad, J., & Lambert, G. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.818030 · Cited by 32
How the COVID-19 pandemic may accelerate millennials’ adoption of augmented reality
Caboni, F., & Pizzichini, L. (2022) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-10-2021-0509 · Cited by 32
Pai, J. D., Wolff, C. G., Aranchipe, C. S., Kepler, C. K., dos Santos, G. A., Canton, L. A. L., de Carvalho, A. B., Richter, S. A., & Nunes, M. L. (2022) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-022-00344-4 · Cited by 36
Ai, J., Chen, J., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Fan, W., Qu, G., Zhang, M., Pei, S.-D., Tang, B., Yuan, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.20025023 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilder-Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O.
- Affiliations
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- University of Alabama (US)
- ORCID
- Freedman, D O
- Venue
- Journal of Travel Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-02-13
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1195-1982 (ISSN-L)
- 1708-8305
- PMC
- PMC7107565
- OpenAlex
- W3006533361
- Cited by
- 2,727
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 489 · 2021: 870 · 2020: 833
- FWCI
- 99.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Travel Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, isolation, quarantine, social distancing, fever surveillance, contact tracing, SARS, epidemic control, public health measures
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Humans, Patient Isolation, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Quarantine, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
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