Complex Patterns of Admixture across the Indonesian Archipelago
Open accessAbstract
Indonesia, an island nation as large as continental Europe, hosts a sizeable proportion of global human diversity, yet remains surprisingly undercharacterized genetically. Here, we substantially expand on existing studies by reporting genome-scale data for nearly 500 individuals from 25 populations in Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Oceania, notably including previously unsampled islands across the Indonesian archipelago. We use high-resolution analyses of haplotype diversity to reveal fine detail of regional admixture patterns, with a particular focus on the Holocene. We find that recent population history within Indonesia is complex, and that populations from the Philippines made important genetic contributions in the early phases of the Austronesian expansion. Different, but interrelated processes, acted in the east and west. The Austronesian migration took several centuries to spread across the eastern part of the archipelago, where genetic admixture postdates the archeological signal. As with the Neolithic expansion further east in Oceania and in Europe, genetic mixing with local inhabitants in eastern Indonesia lagged behind the arrival of farming populations. In contrast, western Indonesia has a more complicated admixture history shaped by interactions with mainland Asian and Austronesian newcomers, which for some populations occurred more than once. Another layer of complexity in the west was introduced by genetic contact with South Asia and strong demographic events in isolated local groups.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent studies have shown the existence of genetic structure characterising the Indonesian archipelago, with Papuan-and thus, Denisovan-ancestry showing a marked west to east cline.
“Recent studies have shown the existence of genetic structure characterising the Indonesian archipelago, with Papuan—and thus, Denisovan—ancestry showing a marked west to east cline [6, 53].”
From Denisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day Papuans (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Discussion reports a west-to-east cline in Papuan ancestry, and the Introduction notes substantial Denisovan introgression in eastern Indonesian populations. The paper does not establish that Denisovan ancestry itself follows the same cline. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Molecular Evolutionary Genetics
Nei, M. (1987) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/nei-92038 · Cited by 16,583 · see citing works
Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
Chang, C. C., Chow, C. C., Tellier, L. C., Vattikuti, S., Purcell, S. M., & Lee, J. J. (2015) · Gigascience · doi:10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8 · Cited by 12,709 · see citing works
Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases.
Nei, M., & Li, W. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5269 · Cited by 10,501 · see citing works
Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J., & Lange, K. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109 · Cited by 9,898 · see citing works
genepop ’007: a complete re‐implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux
Rousset, F. (2007) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x · Cited by 8,514 · see citing works
An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes
The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11632 · Cited by 7,711 · see citing works
Jakobsson, M., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2007) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm233 · Cited by 6,309 · see citing works
Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280 · see citing works
A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
The International HapMap Consortium (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06258 · Cited by 4,438 · see citing works
Robust relationship inference in genome-wide association studies
Manichaikul, A., Mychaleckyj, J. C., Rich, S. S., Daly, K., Sale, M., & Chen, W.-M. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq559 · Cited by 3,541 · see citing works
Ancient Admixture in Human History
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., & Reich, D. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 · Cited by 2,848 · see citing works
Ethnologue. Languages of the World
Lewis, P. M. (2014) · African Studies Companion Online · doi:10.1163/_afco_asc_441 · Cited by 2,177 · see citing works
Inference of Population Structure using Dense Haplotype Data
Lawson, D. J., Hellenthal, G., Myers, S., & Falush, D. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002453 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Self-citationEthnologue: Languages of the World
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.192005 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement
Gray, R. D., Drummond, A. J., & Greenhill, S. J. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1166858 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
A genetic atlas of human admixture history
Hellenthal, G., Busby, G. B. J., Band, G., Wilson, J. F., Capelli, C., Falush, D., & Myers, S. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1243518 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia
Abdulla, M. A., Ahmed, I., Assawamakin, A., Bhak, J., Brahmachari, S. K., Calacal, G. C., Chaurasia, A., Chen, C.-H., Chen, J., Chen, Y.-T., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1177074 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Self-citationDenisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Kircher, M., Delfin, F., Nandineni, M. R., Pugach, I., Ko, A. M.-S., Ko, Y.-C., Jinam, T. A., Phipps, M. E., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Fenner, J. N. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20188 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Inferring admixture histories of human populations using linkage disequilibrium
Loh, P.-R., Lipson, M., Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Pickrell, J. K., Reich, D., & Berger, B. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.147330 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia
Pagani, L., Lawson, D. J., Jagoda, E., Mörseburg, A., Eriksson, A., Mitt, M., Clemente, F., Hudjashov, G., DeGiorgio, M., Saag, L., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19792 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citationBarker, G., Barton, H. J., Bird, M. I., Daly, P., Datan, I., Dykes, A. P., Farr, L., Gilbertson, D. D., Harrisson, B., Hunt, C. O., et al. (2006) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific
Skoglund, P., Posth, C., Sirak, K., Spriggs, M., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Clark, G. R., Reepmeyer, C., Petchey, F., Fernandes, D., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19844 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citationDelaneau, O., Marchini, J., McVean, G., Donnelly, P., Lunter, G. A., Marchini, J., Myers, S., Hinch, A. G., Iqbal, Z., Mathieson, I., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4934 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Howrigan, D. P., Simonson, M. A., & Keller, M. C. (2011) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-460 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia
Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M. W., Morwood, M. J., Saptomo, E. W., Jatmiko, Awe, R. D., Wasisto, S., Westaway, K. E., Aubert, M., Li, B., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17179 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Larson, G., Cucchi, T., Fujita, M., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., Robins, J. H., Anderson, A., Rolett, B. V., Spriggs, M., Dolman, G., Kim, T.-H., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607753104 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan
Ko, A. M., Chen, C., Fu, Q., Delfin, F. C., Li, M., Chiu, H.-L., Stoneking, M., & Ko, Y. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia
Lipson, M., Loh, P., Patterson, N. J., Moorjani, P., Ko, Y., Stoneking, M., Berger, B., & Reich, D. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5689 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics
Greenhill, S. J., Blust, R. A., & Gray, R. D. (2008) · Evolutionary Bioinformatics · doi:10.4137/ebo.s893 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines
Mijares, A. S. B., Détroit, F., Piper, P. J., Grün, R., Bellwood, P. S., Aubert, M., Champion, G., Cuevas, N. T., Leon, A. S. D., & Dizon, E. (2010) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Demographic History of Oceania Inferred from Genome-wide Data
Wollstein, A., Lao, O., Becker, C., Brauer, S., Trent, R. J., Nürnberg, P., Stoneking, M., & Kayser, M. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.040 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia
Karafet, T. M., Hallmark, B., Cox, M. P., Sudoyo, H., Downey, S. S., Lansing, J. S., & Hammer, M. F. (2010) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Indonesian archipelago: an ancient genetic highway linking Asia and the Pacific
Tumonggor, M. K., Karafet, T. M., Hallmark, B., Lansing, J. S., Sudoyo, H., Hammer, M. F., & Cox, M. P. (2013) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.154 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationJinam, T. A., Hong, L. L., Phipps, M. E., Stoneking, M., Ameen, M., Edo, J., & Saitou, N. (2012) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mss169 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Xu, S., Pugach, I., Stoneking, M., Kayser, M., & Li, J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1118892109 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Malmström, H., Linderholm, A. E., Skoglund, P., Storå, J., Sjödin, P., Gilbert, M. T. P., Holmlund, G., Willerslev, E., Jakobsson, M., Lidén, K., et al. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0373 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations
Soares, P. A., Tréjaut, J., Rito, T., Cavadas, B., Hill, C., Eng, K. K., Mormina, M., Brandão, A., Fraser, R. M., Wang, T., et al. (2016) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Global Prehistory of Human Migration
Bellwood, P. S. (2014) · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Was there an Austroasiatic Presence in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian Expansion?
Blench, R. M. (2011) · Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association · doi:10.7152/bippa.v30i0.10637 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Denham, T. P., & Donohue, M. (2009) · Archaeology in Oceania/Archæology & physical anthropology in Oceania · doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2009.tb00041.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Multi-layered population structure in Island Southeast Asians
Mörseburg, A., Pagani, L., Ricaut, F., Yngvadóttir, B., Harney, É., Castillo, C., Hoogervorst, T. G., Antão, T., Kusuma, P., Brucato, N., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2016.60 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy
Kusuma, P., Brucato, N., Cox, M. P., Pierron, D., Razafindrazaka, H., Adelaar, A. K., Sudoyo, H., Letellier, T., & Ricaut, F. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26066 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationOLIVER, D. L. (2019) · University of Hawaii Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvp2n5ds · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-5018 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Knudson, K. E., Moran, M. L., & Oliver, D. L. (1976) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.2307/481659 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Spatial Mixing of Genomes in Secondary Contact Zones
Sedghifar, A., Brandvain, Y. J., Ralph, P. L., & Coop, G. (2015) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.115.179838 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Role of Recent Admixture in Forming the Contemporary West Eurasian Genomic Landscape
Busby, G., Hellenthal, G., Montinaro, F., Tofanelli, S., Bulayeva, K., Rudan, I., Zemunik, T., Hayward, C., Toncheva, D. I., Karachanak-Yankova, S., et al. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Vallée, F., Luciani, A., & Cox, M. P. (2016) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.191379 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide insights into the genetic history of human populations
Pugach, I., & Stoneking, M. (2015) · Investigative Genetics · doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0024-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Spriggs, M. (2018) · NUS Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1nthm4.15 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Western Eurasian genetic influences in the Indonesian archipelago
Kusuma, P., Cox, M. P., Brucato, N., Sudoyo, H., Letellier, T., & Ricaut, F. (2015) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.048 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationAn ongoing Austronesian expansion in Island Southeast Asia
Lansing, J. S., Cox, M. P., de Vet, T. A., Downey, S. S., Hallmark, B., & Sudoyo, H. (2011) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2011.06.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationGomes, S. M., Bodner, M., Souto, L., Zimmermann, B., Huber, G. E., Strobl, C., Röck, A. W., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A., Torroni, A., et al. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
van Oven, M., Hämmerle, J. M., van Schoor, M., Kushnick, G., Pennekamp, P., Zega, I., Lao, Ó., Brown, L., Kennerknecht, I., & Kayser, M. (2010) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msq300 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Downey, S. S., Hallmark, B., Cox, M. P., Norquest, P. K., & Lansing, J. S. (2008) · Journal of Quantitative Linguistics · doi:10.1080/09296170802326681 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationReconstructing Past Admixture Processes from Local Genomic Ancestry Using Wavelet Transformation
Sanderson, J., Sudoyo, H., Karafet, T. M., Hammer, M. F., & Cox, M. P. (2015) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.115.176842 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationOffline: Indonesia—unravelling the mystery of a nation
Horton, R. C. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00544-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cox, M. P., Hudjashov, G., Sim, A. D., Savina, O., Karafet, T. M., Sudoyo, H., & Lansing, J. S. (2016) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msw099 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation35 Southeast Asian islands and Oceania: Austronesian linguistic history
Blust, R. A. (2013) · The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration · doi:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm835 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
36 Southeast Asian islands: archaeology
Bellwood, P. S. (2013) · The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration · doi:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm836 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Blench RM. 2012 Almost everything you believed about the Austronesians isn’t true In: Tjoa-Bonatz ML, Reinecke A, Bonatz D, editors. Selected papers from the 13th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian archaeologists. Singapore: NUS Press.
- Kennerknecht I, Hämmerle JM, Blench RM. 2012 The peopling of Nias, from the perspective of oral literature and molecular genetic data In: Tjoa-Bonatz ML, Reinecke A, Bonatz D, editors. Selected papers from the 13th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian archaeologists. Singapore: NUS Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia
McColl, H., Racimo, F., Vinner, L., Demeter, F., Gakuhari, T., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., van Driem, G., Gram Wilken, U., Seguin-Orlando, A., de la Fuente Castro, C., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat3628 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans
Jacobs, G. S., Hudjashov, G., Saag, L., Kusuma, P., Darusallam, C. C., Lawson, D. J., Mondal, M., Pagani, L., Ricaut, F.-X., Stoneking, M., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationUganda Genome Resource Enables Insights into Population History and Genomic Discovery in Africa
Gurdasani, D., Carstensen, T., Fatumo, S., Chen, G., Franklin, C. S., Prado-Martinez, J., Bouman, H. J., Abascal, F., Haber, M., Tachmazidou, I., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.004 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Kaufman, D. A., & Himmelmann, N. P. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0042 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Large-Scale Whole-Genome Sequencing of Three Diverse Asian Populations in Singapore
Wu, D., Dou, J., Chai, X., Bellis, C., Wilm, A., Shih, C. C., Soon, W. W., Bertin, N., Lin, C. B., Khor, C. C., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.019 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years
Larena, M., Sánchez‐Quinto, F., Sjödin, P., McKenna, J., Ebeo, C., Reyes, R., Casel, O., Huang, J., Hagada, K. P., Guilay, D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Ecology of Tropical East Asia
Corlett, R. T. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198817017.001.0001 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations
Tambets, K., Yunusbayev, B., Hudjashov, G., IlumäE, A.-M., Rootsi, S., Honkola, T., Vesakoski, O., Atkinson, Q. D., Skoglund, P., Kushniarevich, A., et al. (2018) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationAncient DNA from Guam and the peopling of the Pacific
Pugach, I., Hübner, A., Hung, H., Meyer, M., Carson, M. T., & Stoneking, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022112118 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Using hominin introgression to trace modern human dispersals
Teixeira, J. C., & Cooper, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1904824116 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The dispersal of Austronesian languages in Island South East Asia: Current findings and debates
Klamer, M. A. F. (2019) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12325 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Sufriyana, H., Wu, Y., & Su, E. C. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102710 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Kinship structures create persistent channels for language transmission
Lansing, J. S., Abundo, C., Jacobs, G. S., Guillot, E. G., Stefan Thurner, A., Downey, S. S., Chew, L. Y., Tanmoy Bhattacharya, A., Chung, N. N., Sudoyo, H., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1706416114 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Gateway from Near into Remote Oceania: New Insights from Genome-Wide Data
Pugach, I., Duggan, A. T., Merriwether, D. A., Friedlaender, F. R., Friedlaender, J. S., & Stoneking, M. (2017) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msx333 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The languages of Halmahera and West New Guinea
Gasser, E., Arnold, L., & Kamholz, D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0037 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ancient genomes from the last three millennia support multiple human dispersals into Wallacea
Oliveira, S., Nägele, K., Carlhoff, S., Pugach, I., Koesbardiati, T., Hübner, A., Meyer, M., Oktaviana, A. A., Takenaka, M., Katagiri, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01775-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Differences in local population history at the finest level: the case of the Estonian population
Pankratov, V., Montinaro, F., Kushniarevich, A., Hudjashov, G., Jay, F., Saag, L., Flores, R., Marnetto, D., Seppel, M., Kals, M., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0699-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationDenisovan, modern human and mouse TNFAIP3 alleles tune A20 phosphorylation and immunity
Zammit, N. W., Siggs, O. M., Gray, P. E., Horikawa, K., Langley, D. B., Walters, S. N., Daley, S. R., Loetsch, C., Warren, J., Yap, J. Y., et al. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0492-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationPurnomo, G. A., Mitchell, K. J., O’Connor, S., Kealy, S., Taufik, L., Schiller, S., Rohrlach, A. B., Cooper, A., Llamas, B., Sudoyo, H., et al. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12070965 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationA different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul
Allen, J., & O’Connell, J. F. (2020) · Archaeology in Oceania/Archæology & physical anthropology in Oceania · doi:10.1002/arco.5207 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hudjashov, G., Endicott, P., Post, H., Nagle, N., Ho, S. Y. W., Lawson, D. J., Reidla, M., Karmin, M., Rootsi, S., Metspalu, E., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20026-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPapua New Guinean Genomes Reveal the Complex Settlement of North Sahul
Brucato, N., André, M., Tsang, R., Saag, L., Kariwiga, J., Sesuki, K., Beni, T., Pomat, W. S., Muke, J., Meyer, V., et al. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab238 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPost, H., Németh, E., Klima, L., Flores, R., Fehér, T., Türk, A., Székely, G., Sahakyan, H., Mondal, M., Montinaro, F., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages
Karmin, M., Flores, R., Saag, L., Hudjashov, G., Brucato, N., Darusallam, C. C., Larena, M., Endicott, P., Jakobsson, M., Lansing, J. S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationMattes, V., & Schwaiger, T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0045 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Reconstruction of the Austronesian Diaspora in the Era of Genomics
Chambers, G. K., & Edinur, H. A. (2021) · Human Biology · doi:10.1353/hub.2017.0096 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Likelihood Approach for Uncovering Selective Sweep Signatures from Haplotype Data
Harris, A. M., & DeGiorgio, M. (2020) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa115 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Korunes, K. L., & Goldberg, A. (2021) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009374 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Natri, H. M., Bobowik, K. S., Kusuma, P., Crenna Darusallam, C., Jacobs, G. S., Hudjashov, G., Lansing, J. S., Sudoyo, H., Banovich, N. E., Cox, M. P., et al. (2020) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008749 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe genetic origins and impacts of historical Papuan migrations into Wallacea
Purnomo, G. A., Kealy, S., O’Connor, S., Schapper, A., Shaw, B., Llamas, B., Teixeira, J. C., Sudoyo, H., & Tobler, R. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2412355121 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDenisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day Papuans
Vespasiani, D. M., Jacobs, G. S., Cook, L. E., Brucato, N., Leavesley, M., Kinipi, C., Ricaut, F.-X., Cox, M. P., & Gallego Romero, I. (2022) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010470 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“These two populations are indicative of the extremes of the cline of Papuan and Denisovan ancestry that is observed across the Indonesian archipelago [5, 42].”
Self-citationThe Expansion of Farmers into Island Southeast Asia
Bellwood, P. S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.013.8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Big genetic data and its big data protection challenges
Quinn, P. F., & Quinn, L. J. E. (2018) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2018.05.028 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations
Macholdt, E., Arias, L., Dương, N. T., Tôn, N. Đ., Phòng, N. V., Schröder, R., Pakendorf, B., Hải, N. V., & Stoneking, M. (2019) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Natri, H. M., Hudjashov, G., Jacobs, G., Kusuma, P., Saag, L., Darusallam, C. C., Metspalu, M., Sudoyo, H., Cox, M. P., Gallego Romero, I., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.11.017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationMitogenomics of macaques (Macaca) across Wallace's Line in the context of modern human dispersals
Evans, B. J., Gansauge, M.-T., Tocheri, M. W., Schillaci, M. A., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, J., Saptomo, E. W., Klegarth, A. R., Tosi, A. J., Melnick, D. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102852 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
He, G., Ren, Z., Guo, J., Zhang, F., Zou, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Ji, J., Yang, M., Zhang, Z., et al. (2019) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-019-01584-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yew, C.-W., Hoque, M. Z., Pugh‐Kitingan, J., Minsong, A., Voo, C. L. Y., Ransangan, J., Lau, S. T. Y., Wang, X., Saw, W., Ong, R. T., et al. (2018) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/ahg.12246 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Babigumira, B. M., Sölkner, J., Mészáros, G., Pfeiffer, C., Lewis, C. R. G., Ouma, E., Wurzinger, M., & Marshall, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.676047 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Reconstruction of the Austronesian Diaspora in the Era of Genomics
Chambers, G. K., & Edinur, H. A. (2020) · Human Biology · doi:10.13110/humanbiology.92.4.04 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Carro, S. S., Gilbert, F., Bulbeck, D., O’Connor, S., Louys, J., Spooner, N. A., Questiaux, D. G., Arnold, L. J., Price, G. J., Wood, R. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.07.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hoh, B., Deng, L., & Xu, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.767018 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Raveane, A., Aneli, S., Montinaro, F., Athanasiadis, G. I., Barlera, S., Birolo, G., Boncoraglio, G. B., Blasio, A. M. D., Gaetano, C. D., Pagani, L., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/494898 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Genomic evidence supports the “long chronology” for the peopling of Sahul
Gandini, F., Almeida, M., Foody, M. G. B., Nagle, N., Bergström, A., Olivieri, A., Rodrigues, S., Fichera, A., Oteo‐García, G., Torroni, A., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady9493 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Abeysekera, I., Sunga, E., Gonzales, A., & David, R. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16041686 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kinaston, R. L., Koesbardiati, T., Suriyanto, R. A., Buckley, H. R., Halcrow, S. E., Foster, A., Simanjuntak, T., Bedford, S., Murti, D. B., Putri, R. S., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2020.1754971 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chronology of natural selection in Oceanian genomes
Brucato, N., André, M., Hudjashov, G., Mondal, M., Cox, M. P., Leavesley, M., & Ricaut, F. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104583 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationIndonesians Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Distributions and Correlations with Global Diseases
Pradana, K. A., Widjaya, M. A., & Wahjudi, M. (2019) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820139.2019.1673771 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Carro, S. S., O’Connor, S., Mahirta, M., Kealy, S., & Shipton, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267635 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Spice Islands in Prehistory: Archaeology in the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia
Bellwood, P. S. (2019) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/ta50.2019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Владимирович, Х. А., Khvorykh, G. V., Fedorov, A., & Limborska, S. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228778 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Denisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day PapuansPreprint
Vespasiani, D. M., Jacobs, G. S., Cook, L. E., Brucato, N., Leavesley, M., Kinipi, C., Ricaut, F., Cox, M. P., & Romero, I. G. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.196444 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe loss of biodiversity in Madagascar is contemporaneous with major demographic events
Alva, O., Leroy, A., Heiske, M., Pereda‐Loth, V., Tisseyre, L., Boland, A., Deleuze, J., Rocha, J., Schlebusch, C. M., Fortes‐Lima, C., et al. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.060 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Veselinova, L., Asplund, L., & Klok, J. V. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0051 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Masuko, R., Ayin, A., Masaoka, M., Kawaguchi, F., Sasazaki, S., Dagong, M. I. A., Bugiwati, S. R. A., Masangkay, J. S., Yonezawa, T., & Mannen, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93651-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects
Taufik, L., Teixeira, J. C., Llamas, B., Sudoyo, H., Tobler, R., & Purnomo, G. A. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13122373 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationTracing human genetic histories and natural selection with precise local ancestry inference
Lerga-Jaso, J., Novković, B., Unnikrishnan, D., Bamunusinghe, V., Hatorangan, M. R., Manson, C., Pedersen, H., Osama, A., Terpolovsky, A., Bohn, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59936-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aghakhanian, F. F., Hoh, B., Yew, C.-W., Subbiah, V. K., Xue, Y., Tyler‐Smith, C., Ayub, Q., & Phipps, M. E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17884-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
β Thalassemia Mutation Flow in Indonesia: A Migration Perspective
Rujito, L., Maritska, Z., & Sofro, A. S. M. (2023) · Thalassemia Reports · doi:10.3390/thalassrep13040022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Plutniak, S., Araujo, A., Sugiyanto, B., Oktaviana, A. A., Chazine, J.-M., & Ricaut, F. (2022) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2022.2108947 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Amalia, R., Miftahussurur, M., Syam, A. F., Uchida, T., Alfaray, R. I., Fauzia, K. A., Rezkitha, Y. A. A., Akada, J. K., Matsumoto, T., & Yamaoka, Y. (2025) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/hel.70035 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
(2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.001.0001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A different paradigm for the colonisation of Sahul
Allen, J., O’Connell, J. F., Clarkson, C., Norman, K., Cox, M. P., Lambert, D. M., Millar, C. D., Kealy, S., Stern, N., & Veth, P. (2020) · Archaeology in Oceania/Archæology & physical anthropology in Oceania · doi:10.1002/arco.5220 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Importance of Ethnicity Definitions and Pharmacogenomics in Ethnobridging and Pharmacovigilance
Tan‐Koi, W. C., Limenta, L. M. G., Mohamed, E. H. M., & Lee, E. J. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812626-4.00011-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Long-term isolation and archaic introgression shape functional genetic variation in Near Oceania
Reilly, P. F., Rong, S., Tejada-Martínez, D., Miller, S. L., Tjahjadi, A., Liu, C., Akers, J. F., Pomer, A., Prentice, M. E., Merriwether, D. A., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adr6749 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chung, N. N., Jacobs, G. S., Sudoyo, H., Malik, S. G., Chew, L. Y., Lansing, J. S., & Cox, M. P. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190733 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe languages of the central and southern Philippines
Kaufman, D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kroeger, P. R., & Riesberg, S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0047 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Niger-Congo archaeolinguistics, including Bantu
Bostoen, K. A. G., Coutros, P. R., & Schlebusch, C. M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.30 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sino-Tibetan archaeolinguistics
Bradley, D. T. C., Li, L., Ning, C., & Martello, R. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.22 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genetic insights into the origin, admixture, and migration of the early Austronesian peoples
Ko, A. M., Tu, H., & Ko, Y. (2025) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s10038-025-01380-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populationsPreprint
Macholdt, E., Arias, L., Dương, N. T., Tôn, N. Đ., Phòng, N. V., Schröder, R., Pakendorf, B., Hải, N. V., & Stoneking, M. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/719831 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bobowik, K., Syafruddin, D., Darusallam, C. C., Sudoyo, H., Wells, C. A., & Romero, I. G. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425684 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, A. D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hung, H., & Bellwood, P. S. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
McDonnell, B., Wu, J., Mckinnon, T., & Adelaar, A. K. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Profiling genetically driven alternative splicing across the Indonesian archipelago
Ibeh, N., Kusuma, P., Darusallam, C. C., Malik, S. G., Sudoyo, H., McCarthy, D. J., & Romero, I. G. (2024) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.09.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHistorical comparative linguistics and language classification
Barlow, R., & Campbell, L. R. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bayesian phylogenetics for language prehistory— and archaeology
Heggarty, P., & Powell, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wichmann, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Archaeolinguistics of Papuan languages
Schapper, A., Gaffney, D., & Brucato, N. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.26 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Corlett, R. T. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198817017.003.0001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Human genetic approaches to Malayo-Polynesian prehistory
Ricaut, F., Brucato, N., & Cox, M. P. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLinguistic approaches to Austronesian culture history
Blust, R. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Historical linguistics of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea subgroup
Kamholz, D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Holton, G., & Pappas, L. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Klok, J. V. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
van der Auwera, J., Olmen, D. V., & Vossen, F. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0050 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Archaeolinguistics of the languages of the Andes
Urban, M., Barbieri, C., & Rademaker, K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.33 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Indo-European archaeolinguistics
Lubotsky, A., & Pronk, T. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Austronesian archaeolinguistics
Spriggs, M., Geraghty, P., & Liu, Y.-C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vesakoski, O., Salmela, E., & Piezonka, H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868350.013.19 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recovering the precolonial population structure of Khoe-San descendant populations
Edington, S., Al-Hindi, D. R., Font‐Porterias, N., Surowiec, A., Palmer, W. J., Myrick, J. W., Norman, P. J., Uren, C., Möller, M., Henn, B. M., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adz7115 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reconstructing the west-east genetic division in Indonesia using ancient genomes
Xu, Y., Wiradnyana, K., Zhou, H. J., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Tao, L., Zhu, K., Setiawan, T., Wang, J., Lu, W., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115974 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Historical linguistics of the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages
Zobel, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Historical linguistics of the Malayic subgroup
Anderbeck, K. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hoogervorst, T. G. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gil, D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Benchmarking Imputed Low Coverage Genomes in a Human Population Genetics Context
Purnomo, G. A., Teixeira, J. C., Sudoyo, H., Llamas, B., & Tobler, R. (2025) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.70007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hudjashov, G., Karafet, T. M., Lawson, D. J., Downey, S., Savina, O., Sudoyo, H., Lansing, J. S., Hammer, M. F., & Cox, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Estonian Biocentre (EE)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Massey University (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Hudjashov, Georgi
- Cox, Murray P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Biology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-07-11
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2439-2452
- ISSN
- 0737-4038 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-1719
- PMC
- PMC5850824
- OpenAlex
- W2734900454
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 8.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Molecular Biology and Evolution (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (104125/Z/14/Z)
- University of Oxford
- Nanyang Technological University
- Royal Society Te Apārangi (RDF-10-MAU-001)
- Massey University
- Tartu Ülikool
- Institute of Genetics
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Keywords
- genetic admixture, Indonesian archipelago, Austronesian expansion, demographic history, haplotype diversity, Holocene, Philippines, Oceania, New Guinea, Island Southeast Asia, Neolithic expansion
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Asia, Southeastern, DNA, Mitochondrial, Asia, Eastern, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Humans, Indonesia, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Evolution, Molecular, Oceania, Asian People, Islands, Human Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
