Inferring admixture histories of human populations using linkage disequilibrium
Open accessAbstract
Long-range migrations and the resulting admixtures between populations have been important forces shaping human genetic diversity. Most existing methods for detecting and reconstructing historical admixture events are based on allele frequency divergences or patterns of ancestry segments in chromosomes of admixed individuals. An emerging new approach harnesses the exponential decay of admixture-induced linkage disequilibrium (LD) as a function of genetic distance. Here, we comprehensively develop LD-based inference into a versatile tool for investigating admixture. We present a new weighted LD statistic that can be used to infer mixture proportions as well as dates with fewer constraints on reference populations than previous methods. We define an LD-based three-population test for admixture and identify scenarios in which it can detect admixture events that previous formal tests cannot. We further show that we can uncover phylogenetic relationships among populations by comparing weighted LD curves obtained using a suite of references. Finally, we describe several improvements to the computation and fitting of weighted LD curves that greatly increase the robustness and speed of the calculations. We implement all of these advances in a software package, ALDER, which we validate in simulations and apply to test for admixture among all populations from the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), highlighting insights into the admixture history of Central African Pygmies, Sardinians, and Japanese.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Admixture between Levant_N and Iran_ChL occurred around 5,000 ± 1,500 years ago (181 ± 54 generations ago; p = 0.013), with an estimated range of 6,600-3,550 years ago.
“We estimate, using linkage-disequilibrium decay patterns, that admixture occurred 6,600–3,550 years ago, coinciding with recorded massive population movements in Mesopotamia during the mid-Holocene.”
From Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences (2017) · cites this paper as [50]
The Results > Case studies section shows that the paper uses weighted linkage-disequilibrium decay to estimate admixture dates. It does not report admixture between Levant_N and Iran_ChL or the claimed date range, 181 ± 54 generations, or p-value. In the citing sentence, “We estimate” presents the date as the citing authors’ result; this source supports the method, not that estimate. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredALDER estimated a putative pulse-like admixture event at 24 generations ago (700 years ago), consistent with previous results from Henn and colleagues.
“We then used ALDER40 to estimate the time of a putative pulse-like admixture event, which was estimated to have occurred 24 generations ago (700 years ago), consistent with previous results from Henn and colleagues16.”
From Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., & Donnelly, P. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.945 · Cited by 33,871 · see citing works
genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research
Peakall, R., & Smouse, P. E. (2005) · Molecular Ecology Notes · doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x · Cited by 16,596 · see citing works
Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280 · see citing works
Self-citationA second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
The International HapMap Consortium (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06258 · Cited by 4,438 · see citing works
A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188021 · Cited by 4,318 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations
The International HapMap 3 Consortium (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09298 · Cited by 3,026 · see citing works
Genetic Structure of Human Populations
Rosenberg, N. A., Pritchard, J. K., Weber, J. L., Cann, H. M., Kídd, K. K., Анатольевич, Ж. Л., & Feldman, M. W. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1078311 · Cited by 3,000 · see citing works
Ancient Admixture in Human History
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., & Reich, D. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 · Cited by 2,848 · see citing works
Self-citationInference of population splits and mixtures from genome-wide allele frequency data
Pickrell, J. K., & Pritchard, J. K. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002967 · Cited by 2,731 · see citing works
Self-citationHypothesis testing when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative
Davies, R. B. (1987) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/74.1.33 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation
Li, J. Z., Absher, D. M., Tang, H., Southwick, A. M., Casto, A. M., Ramachandran, S., Cann, H. M., Barsh, G. S., Feldman, M. W., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153717 · Cited by 1,947 · see citing works
Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome
Reich, D., Cargill, M., Gabriel, S., Ireland, J. S., Sabeti, P. C., Richter, D. J., Lavery, T., Kouyoumjian, R., Farhadian, S., Ward, R. H., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35075590 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Self-citationReconstructing Indian population history
Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Singh, L. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08365 · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works
Self-citationInference of Population Structure using Dense Haplotype Data
Lawson, D. J., Hellenthal, G., Myers, S., & Falush, D. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002453 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Hypothesis Testing When a Nuisance Parameter is Present Only Under the Alternative
DAVIES, R. B. (1977) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2335690 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Demographic history and rare allele sharing among human populations
Gravel, S., Henn, B. M., Gutenkunst, R. N., Indap, A. R., Marth, G., Clark, A. G., Yu, F., Gibbs, R. A., The 1000 Genomes Project, Bustamante, C. D., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019276108 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Sensitive detection of chromosomal segments of distinct ancestry in admixed populations
Price, A. L., Tandon, A., Patterson, N., Barnes, K. C., Rafaels, N., Ruczinski, I., Beaty, T. H., Mathias, R., Reich, D., & Myers, S. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000519 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe’s First Farmers
Bramanti, B., Thomas, M. G., Haak, W., Unterlaender, M., Jores, P., Tambets, K., Antanaitis-Jacobs, I., Haidle, M. N., Jankauskas, R., Kind, C.-J., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176869 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Methods for high-density admixture mapping of disease genes.
Patterson, N., Hattangadi, N., Lane, B., Lohmueller, K., Hafler, D., Oksenberg, J., Hauser, S., Smith, M. W., O'Brien, S., Altshuler, D., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/420871 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Range LD Can Confound Genome Scans in Admixed Populations
Price, A. L., Weale, M. E., Patterson, N., Myers, S. R., Need, A. C., Shianna, K. V., Ge, D., Rotter, J. I., Torres, E., Taylor, K. D., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.06.005 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationChakraborty, R., & Weiss, K. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9119 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Fast and flexible simulation of DNA sequence dataPreprint
Chen, G. K., Marjoram, P., & Wall, J. D. (2008) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.083634.108 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
The genetic prehistory of southern Africa
Pickrell, J. K., Patterson, N. J., Barbieri, C., Berthold, F., Gerlach, L., Güldemann, T., Kure, B., Mpoloka, S. W., Nakagawa, H., Naumann, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2140 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulation Genetics Models of Local Ancestry
Gravel, S. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.139808 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes
Hammer, M. F., Karafet, T. M., Park, H., Omoto, K., Harihara, S., Stoneking, M., & Horai, S. (2005) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Reconstructing Genetic Ancestry Blocks in Admixed Individuals
Tang, H., Coram, M., Wang, P., Zhu, X., & RISCH, N. J. (2006) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/504302 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Origins and Genetic Diversity of Pygmy Hunter-Gatherers from Western Central Africa
Verdu, P., Austerlitz, F., Estoup, A., Vitalis, R., Georges, M., Théry, S., Froment, A., Bomin, S. L., Antoine Gessain, A., Hombert, J.-M., et al. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.049 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Soares, P. A., Achilli, A., Semino, O., Davies, W., Macaulay, V. A., Bandelt, H., Torroni, A., & Richards, M. B. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.054 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews
Moorjani, P., Patterson, N. J., Hirschhorn, J. N., Keinan, A., Hao, L., Atzmon, G., Burns, E. R., D, H. O. M., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationY chromosomal DNA variation and the peopling of Japan.
Hammer, M. F., & Horai, S. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Inference of Historical Changes in Migration Rate From the Lengths of Migrant Tracts
Pool, J. E., & Nielsen, R. (2008) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.108.098095 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Quintana‐Murci, L., Quach, H., Harmant, C., Luca, F., Massonnet, B., Patin, É., Sica, L., Mouguiama-Daouda, P., Comas, D., Tzur, S., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0711467105 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Patin, É., Laval, G., Barreiro, L. B., Salas, A., Semino, O., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S., Kídd, K. K., Kidd, J. R., Veen, L. J. V. D., Hombert, J.-M., et al. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Admixture Proportions From Genetic Data
Wang, J. (2003) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/164.2.747 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Ohta, T., & Kimura, M. (1971) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/68.4.571 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Detecting ancient admixture and estimating demographic parameters in multiple human populations.
Wall, J., Lohmueller, K., & Plagnol, V. (2009) · Molecular biology and evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msp096 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Jarvis, J. P., Scheinfeldt, L. B., Soi, S., Lambert, C., Omberg, L., Ferwerda, B., Froment, A., Bodo, J.-M., Beggs, W., Hoffman, G., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002641 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Efficient Moment-Based Inference of Admixture Parameters and Sources of Gene Flow
Lipson, M., Loh, P., Levin, A., Reich, D., Patterson, N. J., & Berger, B. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst099 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimation of Admixture Proportions: A Likelihood-Based Approach Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Chikhi, L., Bruford, M. W., & Beaumont, M. (2001) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/158.3.1347 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The genetic history of Europeans
Pinhasi, R., Thomas, M., Hofreiter, M., Currat, M., & Bürger, J. (2012) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.06.006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Zheng, G., & Chen, Z. (2005) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2005.030531.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans
Dupanloup, I. (2004) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Laval, G., Patin, E., Barreiro, L. B., & Quintana-Murci, L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010284 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dating the age of admixture via wavelet transform analysis of genome-wide data
Pugach, I., Matveyev, R., Wollstein, A., Kayser, M., & Stoneking, M. (2011) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-2-r19 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Approximate Bayesian Computation Without Summary Statistics: The Case of Admixture
Sousa, V., Fritz, M., Beaumont, M., & Chikhi, L. (2009) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.108.098129 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data
Moorjani, P., Patterson, N. J., Loh, P., Lipson, M., Kisfali, P., Melegh, B., von Bonin, M., Kádaši, Ľ., Rieß, O., Berger, B., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058633 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimating local ancestry in admixed populations.
Sankararaman, S., Sridhar, S., Kimmel, G., & Halperin, E. (2008) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.022 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Revisiting the peopling of Japan: an admixture perspective
Rasteiro, R., & Chikhi, L. (2009) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.39 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Mathieson, I., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Patterson, N., Roodenberg, S. A., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16152 · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
Self-citationAncient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Mittnik, A., Renaud, G., Mallick, S., Kirsanow, K., Sudmant, P. H., Schraiber, J. G., Castellano, S., Lipson, M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13673 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific
Skoglund, P., Posth, C., Sirak, K., Spriggs, M., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Clark, G. R., Reepmeyer, C., Petchey, F., Fernandes, D., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19844 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citationParallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Lipson, M., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mallick, S., Pósa, A., Stégmár, B., Keerl, V., Rohland, N., Stewardson, K., Ferry, M., Michel, M., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24476 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India
Moorjani, P., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Lipson, M., Loh, P.-R., Govindaraj, P., Berger, B., Reich, D., & Singh, L. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationAncient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa
Pickrell, J. K., Patterson, N., Loh, P.-R., Lipson, M., Berger, B., Stoneking, M., Pakendorf, B., & Reich, D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationPagani, L., Schiffels, S., Gurdasani, D., Danecek, P., Scally, A., Chen, Y., Xue, Y., Haber, M., Ekong, R., Oljira, T., et al. (2015) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.019 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Language continuity despite population replacement in Remote Oceania
Posth, C., Nägele, K., Colleran, H., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Kami, K. W., Shing, R., Buckley, H., Kinaston, R., Walworth, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0498-2 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Schuenemann, V. J., Peltzer, A., Welte, B., van Pelt, W. P., Molak, M., Wang, C.-C., Furtwängler, A., Urban, C., Reiter, E., Nieselt, K., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15694 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement
Ioannidis, A. G., Blanco-Portillo, J., Sandoval, K., Hagelberg, E., Miquel-Poblete, J. F., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J. E., Quinto-Cortés, C. D., Auckland, K., Parks, T., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Complex Patterns of Admixture across the Indonesian Archipelago
Hudjashov, G., Karafet, T. M., Lawson, D. J., Downey, S., Savina, O., Sudoyo, H., Lansing, J. S., Hammer, M. F., & Cox, M. P. (2017) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msx196 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The Mosaic Genome of Indigenous African Cattle as a Unique Genetic Resource for African Pastoralism
Kim, K., Kwon, T., Dessie, T., Yoo, D., Mwai, O. A., Jang, J., Sung, S., Lee, S., Salim, B., Jung, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0694-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Natural hybridization reveals incompatible alleles that cause melanoma in swordtail fish
Powell, D. L., García-Olazábal, M., Keegan, M., Reilly, P., Du, K., Díaz-Loyo, A. P., Banerjee, S., Blakkan, D., Reich, D., Andolfatto, P., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba5216 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationHaber, M., Doumet-Serhal, C., Scheib, C., Xue, Y., Danecek, P., Mezzavilla, M., Youhanna, S., Martiniano, R., Prado-Martinez, J., Szpak, M., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Hsieh, P., Woerner, A. E., Wall, J. D., Lachance, J., Tishkoff, S. A., Gutenkunst, R. N., & Hammer, M. F. (2016) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.196634.115 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world
Larena, M., McKenna, J., Sanchez-Quinto, F., Bernhardsson, C., Ebeo, C., Reyes, R., Casel, O., Huang, J.-Y., Hagada, K. P., Guilay, D., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Haplotype-based inference of recent effective population size in modern and ancient DNA samples
Fournier, R., Tsangalidou, Z., Reich, D., & Palamara, P. F. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43522-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationInference of Admixture Origins in Indigenous African Cattle
Kim, K., Kim, D., Hanotte, O., Lee, C., Kim, H., & Jeong, C. (2023) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msad257 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas
Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Sousa da Mota, B., Higham, T., Klemm, S., Gorman Edmunds, M., Stenderup, J., Iraeta-Orbegozo, M., Laborde, V., Heyer, E., Torres Hochstetter, F., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07881-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“We used ALDER 59 and DATES 60 to model the 15 Ancient Rapanui as a mixture of two source populations: Polynesians and a second source representing African, European, East Asian, Papuan or Native American populations (Supplementary Information section 14).”
Ancient Genomes Illuminate the Origins and Dynamic History of East Asian Cattle
Cai, D., Kim, D., Zhang, N., Wang, X., Li, T., Li, J., Li, C., Lian, S., Shao, X., Hu, S., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adu9904 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Loh, P.-R., Lipson, M., Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Pickrell, J. K., Reich, D., & Berger, B.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- Berger, Bonnie
- Venue
- Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1233-1254
- ISSN
- 0016-6731 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2631
- PMC
- PMC3606100
- OpenAlex
- W2099505530
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399, T32HG004947)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (F32GM103098, GM100233, R01GM100233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- linkage disequilibrium, admixture mapping, mixture proportions, population phylogeny, Human Genome Diversity Project, Sardinians, Japanese, human genetic variation
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Central, Humans, Italy, Japan, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Population, Software, Linkage Disequilibrium, Population Groups, Human Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
