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Multiple roles of the coding sequence 5′ end in gene expression regulation
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The codon composition of the coding sequence's (ORF) 5' end first few dozen codons is known to be distinct to that of the rest of the ORF. Various explanations for the unusual codon distribution in this region have been proposed in recent years, and include, among others, novel regulatory mechanisms of translation initiation and elongation. However, due to the fact that many overlapping regulatory signals are suggested to be associated with this relatively short region, its research is challenging. Here, we review the currently known signals that appear in this region, the theories related to the way they regulate translation and affect the organismal fitness, and the debates they provoke.
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“Some studies have shown that protein expression level drops if the 5′-end leader region has more secondary structure5,50–53.”
From Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tuller, T., & Zur, H.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Tuller, Tamir
- Venue
- Nucleic Acids Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-12-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-28
- ISSN
- 0305-1048 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-4962
- PMC
- PMC4288200
- OpenAlex
- W2046872786
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nucleic Acids Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- 5' untranslated region, codon usage bias, translation initiation, translation elongation, gene expression regulation, codon composition, regulatory signals, organismal fitness
- MeSH terms
- Codon, Gene Expression Regulation, Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational, Ribosomes, RNA, Messenger, RNA, Transfer, Protein Biosynthesis, Open Reading Frames, Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid, RNA Folding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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