The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 95 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Tobacco Industry Promotional Strategies Targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and Exploiting Tribal Sovereignty
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: American Indians/Alaska Natives have the highest commercial tobacco use in the United States, resulting in higher tobacco-caused deaths and diseases than the general population. Some American Indians/Alaska Natives use commercial tobacco for ceremonial as well as recreational uses. Because federally recognized Tribal lands are sovereign, they are not subject to state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws. This study analyzes tobacco industry promotional efforts specifically targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands to understand appropriate policy responses in light of American Indians'/Alaska Natives' unique sovereign status and culture. METHODS: We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents available at the Truth Tobacco Documents Library (https://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/). RESULTS: Tobacco companies used promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands that leveraged the federally recognized Tribes' unique sovereign status exempting them from state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws, and exploited some Tribes' existing traditional uses of ceremonial tobacco and poverty. Tactics included price reductions, coupons, giveaways, gaming promotions, charitable contributions, and sponsorships. In addition, tobacco companies built alliances with Tribal leaders to help improve their corporate image, advance ineffective Youth Smoking Prevention programs, and defeat tobacco control policies. CONCLUSIONS: The industry's promotional tactics likely contribute to disparities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related diseases among American Indians//Alaska Natives. Proven policy interventions to address these disparities including tobacco price increases, cigarette taxes, comprehensive smoke-free laws, and industry denormalization campaigns to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease could be considered by Tribal communities. The sovereign status of federally recognized Tribes does not prevent them from adopting these measures. IMPLICATIONS: American Indians/Alaska Natives suffer disparities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related diseases as compared with other groups. The tobacco industry has used promotional tactics including price reductions, coupons and giveaways, casino and bingo promotions, charitable contributions and sponsorships, and so-called Youth Smoking Prevention (YSP) programs to specifically target American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploit Tribal sovereignty, which likely contribute to disparities in tobacco use and related diseases and deaths among this population. Tribal and public health policy makers should consider rejecting ineffective YSP programs and instead consider adopting proven policy interventions including tobacco price increases, cigarette and casino taxes, comprehensive smokefree laws, and anti-industry denormalization campaigns to reduce smoking and smoking-related disease.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents shows companies targeted American Indians/Alaska Natives with price reductions, coupons, casino and bingo promotions, contributions, sponsorships, and ineffective youth smoking prevention programs while exploiting Tribal sovereignty and ceremonial tobacco. It argues these tactics likely contribute to smoking disparities and that Tribes can adopt proven tobacco control policies despite sovereign status.
Key findings
- American Indians/Alaska Natives had the highest tobacco use in the United States; in 2013, 40.1% reported current commercial tobacco use, including 56.7% of young adults aged 18–25 and 20.3% of youth aged 12–17.
- Price reduction dominated industry promotion: it accounted for 96% of $8.9 billion in advertising and promotional spending in 2013, including $7.6 billion (85%) on price discounts. Examples included RJR’s 1986 Indian Reservation Program reducing some cigarettes to as low as $4.99 per carton and Lorillard offering $2–$5 coupons and discounts on reservations between 1995 and 2000.
- Tribal stores sold disproportionate volume: 31 Tribal cigarette stores in Arizona accounted for “over 14%” of total industry volume in the state; 16 Tribal stores in New Mexico accounted for 13.4%; and eight American Indian stores in North and South Dakota accounted for 2.7%.
- PM’s contributions to American Indian/Alaska Native organizations and causes rose to $564,800 in 1998, 9% of its $6.3 million total corporate contributions, despite American Indians/Alaska Natives being 1.5% of the US population. Its YSP ads were ineffective: for “Shawl Dancer,” only about half of 10- to 14-year-olds understood the basic “don’t smoke” message, <0.5% understood “smoking is not good for you,” 2% understood “smoking causes cancer,” and 3% understood “you can die from smoking/smoking can kill you”; for “I Stand Out,” only 30% of teens aged 15–17 understood the “not to smoke/don’t smoke” message, 2% understood “smoking causes cancer,” and <0.5% understood body-harm or death messages.
Methods
- Qualitative analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents available at the UCSF Truth Tobacco Documents Library, searched between April 2013 and September 2017 using standard snowball search techniques.
- Searches began with broad terms such as Indian, American Indian, Native American, marketing, promotion, and advertising, then added terms including Alaska Native, American Indian/Alaska Native, Tribal promotion, Tribal marketing, and AI/AN Tribes; after initial review, ~500 documents merited closer review and 94 documents were used.
- The paper states it used well-established tobacco industry documents research methods described in methods studies, with more details in Supplementary Material.
Limitations
- Stated: because the research is based primarily on Truth Tobacco Industry Documents, there are gaps in information; many documents, especially industry marketing reports and correspondence with industry lawyers, are not viewable because they are marked “Confidential.”
- Stated: although no direct link was found, the defeat of proposed Guilford County Board of Health smoke restrictions closely followed Lorillard’s support of the Guilford Native American Association’s pow-wows.
- Evident: the document-based design cannot establish causal effects of industry promotions on smoking prevalence; the paper consistently says the tactics “likely contribute” to disparities rather than demonstrating causation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
38 Sources not found · 14 Own interpretation · 11 No basis given · 8 Not checked yet · 7 Own result · 5 Check pending · 1 Own method
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies used promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands that leveraged the federally recognized Tribes' unique sovereign status exempting them from state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws, and exploited some Tribes' existing traditional uses of ceremonial tobacco and poverty.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies used promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands that leveraged the federally recognized Tribes' unique sovereign status exempting them from state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws, and exploited some Tribes' existing traditional uses of ceremonial tobacco and poverty.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In 1996, Tribal stores sold a disproportionate percentage of cigarettes in the United States by concentrating on volume sales at lower than market prices. 52,75”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [75]
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RJR's Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company Foundation grants in its 'Corporate Social Responsibility' program nominally advanced American Indian/Alaska Native selfsufficiency and culture.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies understood that as many Tribal casinos are smoke-friendly environments and exempt from state taxes, they were good places to encourage cigarette purchases.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Television 132 and print ads targeting American Indian/Alaska Native tweens and teens were developed, including three television commercials ('I Stand Out,' 'Basketball,' and 'Shawl Dancer' 132 ). 133”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [132]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [133]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tobacco industry sponsored events and made corporate contributions to American Indian/Alaska Native charitable organizations, including education, arts, culture, and rodeos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“PM's Community Marketing Programs' mission was to 'create stronger bonds with third-party allies.' 105”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [105]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Companies also took advantage of the sovereign status of Tribal lands, stores, and casinos to sell cheaper cigarettes to both Tribal and non-Tribal customers.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“PM's corporate contributions program's mission was 'to build and maintain relationships critical to creating a political, regulatory and attitudinal environment for PM's business success,' 102”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [102]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and PM explicitly said that a contribution given to a National American Indian Council affiliate was to garner support for PM's position on excise tax issues. 41”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Philip Morris Corporate Contributions to Minority Organizations, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PM specifically designed YSP programs for American Indian/Alaska Native audiences.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sovereign status of federally recognized Tribes does not prevent them from adopting these measures.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tobacco price increases, cigarette taxes, comprehensive smoke-free laws, and industry denormalization campaigns are proven to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because of 19th- and 20th-century policies prohibiting American Indians from using traditional tobacco in ceremonies, some American Indian groups substituted commercial tobacco, 23,25”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Forster, 2007, Patterns of tobacco use in a sample of American Indians in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Nicotine Tob Res source
- Not matchedcites [25] Center for American Indian Resilience, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The tobacco industry's internal research in the 1990s showed that companies understood that social environments in general could encourage increased smoking consumption among young adults, 27,28”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Ling, 2002, Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents, Am J Public Health source
- Check pendingcites [28] Ling, 2007, The effect of support for action against the tobacco industry on smoking among young adults, Am J Public Health source
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The industry's promotional tactics likely contribute to disparities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related diseases among American Indians//Alaska Natives.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“commercial tobacco continues to be used for traditional as well as recreational purposes among some American Indians, 24,25 including among youth. 26”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Struthers, 2004, Sacred tobacco use in Ojibwe communities, J Holist Nurs source
- Not matchedcites [25] Center for American Indian Resilience, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Forster, 2008, Cigarette smoking among American Indian youth in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Am J Prev Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“American Indians/Alaska Natives have the highest tobacco use in the United States; 17”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In recent years, many Tribes have adopted commercial tobacco-free policies on Tribal lands and in Tribal gaming establishments, 161”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [161]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Poverty contributes to disparities in commercial tobacco use and associated morbidity and mortality among American Indians/ Alaska Natives. 37,49”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] US National Cancer Institute, 2017
- Not matchedcites [49] US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Traditional and ceremonial uses of tobacco may have contributed to the disproportionate prevalence of commercial tobacco use among American Indians (commercial tobacco is generally not used for ceremonial purposes in traditional Alaska Native culture), 16”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16] Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Tobacco is used for ceremonial purposes in many American Indian communities.
- Not matched
In the paper
“American Indian/ Alaska Native youth are more likely to start smoking at younger ages, typically around age 8 or 9. 128”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [128]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While nominally created to prevent youth smoking, the tobacco industry's YSP campaigns did not reduce tobacco sales to minors 162”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [162]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“While industry YSP programs are not effective to reduce smoking and should not be used”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [162]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [163]
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- Not matchedcites [164]
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- Not matchedcites [165]
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- Not matchedcites [166]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, companies exploited federally recognized Tribes' unique sovereign status and culture to attract nonTribal customers distinguishing American Indians/Alaska Natives from other targeted groups.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Greater integration of tobacco in religious practices and social relationships among Northern Plains versus Southwest American Indians is associated with higher smoking rates and more smoking-related deaths. 152”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [152]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, the ready availability of heavily discounted commercial tobacco on reservations may have contributed to widespread use of commercial tobacco in spiritual ceremonies that previously used only traditional tobacco. 25”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25] Center for American Indian Resilience, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These tactics are likely to be especially effective because of the poverty 155 that afflicts American Indians/Alaska Natives, especially on reservations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [155]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tactics included price reductions, coupons, giveaways, gaming promotions, charitable contributions, and sponsorships.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, tobacco companies built alliances with Tribal leaders to help improve their corporate image, advance ineffective Youth Smoking Prevention programs, and defeat tobacco control policies.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Youth Smoking Prevention programs are ineffective.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies used promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands that leveraged the federally recognized Tribes' unique sovereign status exempting them from state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws, and exploited some Tribes' existing traditional uses of ceremonial tobacco and poverty.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“PM sought proposals in 2000 to develop other YSP initiatives reaching minority youth, including American Indians/Alaska Natives, 146 and in 2001 granted the Native American Educational Services $476 161 147,148 for its 'Native Youth Wellness Initiative' to develop a program with PM encouraging healthy lifestyles and activities among American Indian youth in five st”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [147]
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- Not matchedcites [148]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They found that reactions to the ads were 'considerably mixed' among teenagers, pre-teenagers, and their parents, and many of the ads, which focused on 'Native culture' and traditional music, 'came up short in delivering a clear, concise youth smoking prevention message.' 133”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Despite the 1999 market research reports showing that the YSP American Indian/Alaska Native ad campaigns did not effectively deliver a 'don't smoke' message, the total 2001 PM YSP Budget for tweens, African American tweens, parents, African American parents, Hispanics, Puerto Ricans, and American Indians/Alaska Natives was $52.0 million, including $0.5 million for 8 we”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [143]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Regarding 'Shawl Dancer,' the report noted, 'Few respondents found any particular reason why not to smoke.' 137”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [137]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“Another report noted that the 'I Stand Out' ad did not provide a strong no smoking message, but mainly featured role models and was 'more about being proud of who you are.' 138”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [138]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Like the industry's general market YSP , research firms PM hired found that the American Indian/Alaska Native YSP ads were not effective, with only about half of the preteen viewers understanding the basic 'don't smoke' message, and <0.5% understanding that 'smoking is not good for you.' 133,135-137,139”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [136]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [137]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, because the research methodology counted messages such as 'be proud of yourself,' 'not all Native Americans smoke,' and 'smoking affects your athletic ability' as correct 'don't smoke' responses, the study concluded that 90% of respondents understood the commercial's 'don't smoke' message. 139”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“and relied on research finding that 'seeing Indians and hearing Indian music immediately attracts [American Indians/Alaska Natives'] attention' and seeing American Indians/Alaska Natives in advertising made them feel 'good' and 'proud.' 134”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Parent focus groups revealed that the ads were much less effective for smoking than non-smoking parents. 133”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although no direct link was found, the defeat of proposed Guilford County Board of Health smoke restrictions closely followed Lorillard's support of the GNAA's pow-wows.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They stated that American Indian/Alaska Native teens' and pre-teens' unenthusiastic reaction to the ads likely reflected their desire to integrate with modern western life and be seen as part of the general population, rather than to embrace their cultural traditions. 133”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“With little to do on the reservations and a sense of hopelessness, these youths may turn to smoking,' 127”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coincidentally, RJR gave Oneida retailers bonuses on each pack and carton of cigarettes sold to keep the price of their brands lower than any other manufacturer.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the 1980s, tobacco companies leveraged the fact that cigarettes sold on federally recognized Tribal lands are exempt from state taxes with price reduction strategies specifically targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and also reaching non-Tribal peoples.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A more detailed study found that only 30% of the teens (15-17) viewing 'I Stand Out' understood the 'not to smoke/don't smoke' message, 2% understood the 'smoking causes cancer' message, and less than 0.5% understood the 'smoking affects your body/harms/damages your body' and that 'you can die from smoking/smoking can kill you' messages. 142”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Most respondents did not learn any specifics about the dangers of smoking from the ads and did not get a clear, concise smoking prevention message. 133,134,137”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [137]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While many Tribal casinos are paying state taxes on commercial tobacco products, to increase consumer trial and purchases, tobacco companies leveraged already low prices due to state cigarette tax exemptions in many federally recognized Tribal stores, casinos, and bingo halls by offering coupons, discounts, and gift promotions as rewards for purchasing multiple packs or cartons.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like other targeted groups, companies targeted American Indians/Alaska Natives using price reductions, coupons and giveaways, casino and bingo promotions, and charitable contributions and sponsorships and indirectly targeted youth (as young as 8 years old) with so-called youth smoking prevention (YSP) efforts.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beginning as early as the mid-1980s, the cigarette companies complemented already lower cigarette prices on Tribal lands with further price reductions to target Tribal and non-Tribal customers.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rather, American Indian/ Alaska Native youth believed that 'the more impactful messages are those that exemplify the negative physical manifestations of smoking - poor physical performance, unattractiveness, wrinkles, bad breath and debilitating physical diseases…. The older segment, 12-14 years old, seemed to be looking for a more intense smoking prevention message. This age segment seems to need”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“especially because the tobacco industry has manipulated the important role of tobacco in traditional American Indian life and has misappropriated American Indian/Alaska Native imagery to promote their products. 15”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] American Cancer Society, Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recognizing this advantage, RJR successfully lobbied New York legislators to defeat casino taxes in the Oneida Nation.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While earlier strategies targeted primarily African Americans and Hispanics, in 1991 they included American Indians/Alaska Natives using comprehensive approaches that coordinated all company activities touching minorities and built relationships with key American Indian/Alaska Native organizations. 40-43”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] Minority Affairs Presentation to Jim Johnston, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41] Philip Morris Corporate Contributions to Minority Organizations, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42] Philip Morris Corporate Contributions to Minority Organizations, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [43] Washington Post, Babcock C, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies developed marketing and promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal sovereignty, including price reductions, sales and promotions on or near reservations and in Tribal casinos and bingo halls, industry sponsorships and contributions to American Indian/Alaska Native organizations, and YSP programs.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Truth Tobacco Industry Documents are authentic and provide a reliable account of industry strategies.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since at least the 1980s, tobacco companies implemented coordinated strategies to increase sales to minority consumers, improve contacts and influence with minority leaders (especially government leaders at all levels), and improve the companies' overall image and credibility among minorities with Corporate Responsibility programs.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a result, they have disproportionately higher risks of tobacco-related death and diseases than the general population. 19,20”
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [19] Espey, 2014, Leading causes of death and all-cause mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives, Am J Public Health source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Mowery, 2015, Disparities in smoking-related mortality among American Indians/Alaska Natives, Am J Prev Med source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike other targeted groups, some American Indian Tribes use traditional tobacco for ceremonial, sacred, and medicinal purposes, 21 a practice that predates (by centuries) the advent of commercial recreational use. 22-24”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Nadeau, 2012, Circles of tobacco wisdom: learning about traditional and commercial tobacco with Native elders, Am J Prev Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Forster, 2007, Patterns of tobacco use in a sample of American Indians in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Nicotine Tob Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Struthers, 2004, Sacred tobacco use in Ojibwe communities, J Holist Nurs source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of these traditional uses of tobacco and the mixing of commercial tobacco with traditional tobacco, some American Indian youth are exposed to commercial tobacco in their home and community environments and have easy access to tobacco at an early age.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in 2013, 40.1% of American Indians/ Alaska Natives reported current commercial tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco) use including 56.7% of young adults (18-25) and 20.3% of youth (12 to 17). 18”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A check of a cited source is scheduled, or we don’t hold its full text yet; the claim is checked once it runs.
In the paper
“The resulting lower prices attract and keep customers and are especially attractive to pricesensitive young buyers. 44,46,51”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Chaloupka, 2002, Tax, price and cigarette smoking: evidence from the tobacco documents and implications for tobacco company marketing strategies, Tob Control source
A check is scheduled.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Slater, 2007, The impact of retail cigarette marketing practices on youth smoking uptake, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies have leveraged these unique aspects of American Indian/Alaska Native governance and culture to adapt pricing and promotional strategies they used to target other groups to specifically target American Indians/Alaska Natives.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, cigarettes sold on federally recognized Tribal lands are not subject to state taxes and are cheaper than other cigarettes, attracting both American Indian/Alaska Native and non-Tribal customers.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Federally recognized Tribes are sovereign nations that are not subject to the tax, licensing, and health laws and regulation of the states where they are geographically located.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Because federally recognized Tribal lands are sovereign nations, Tribal stores there are exempt from all but federal tax and are not required to collect state cigarette or sales taxes. 2,3”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3] Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Dept. of the Interior, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study documents strategies adopted by tobacco companies to take advantage of American Indian/Alaska Native traditions and imagery and to target Tribal peoples, thereby increasing commercial tobacco consumption, addiction, and tobacco-related diseases among American Indians/Alaska Natives.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Truth Tobacco Industry Documents are authentic and provide a reliable account of industry strategies.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“American Indian leaders and health professionals have worked to retain the cultural use and value of tobacco while educating their communities about the harms of mixing ceremonial and recreational commercial tobacco uses. 24,153,154”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Struthers, 2004, Sacred tobacco use in Ojibwe communities, J Holist Nurs source
- Not matchedcites [153]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [154]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sovereign status of federally recognized American Indian/Alaska Native Tribes does not prevent them from adopting these measures.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Federally recognized Tribes are sovereign nations that are not subject to the tax, licensing, and health laws and regulation of the states where they are geographically located.
In the paper
“Tobacco companies have adopted strategies taking advantage of American Indian/Alaska Native communities to increase commercial tobacco consumption and purchases by Tribal peoples while increasing the companies'profits. 15”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] American Cancer Society, Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“American Indians/Alaska Natives are members of 566 federally recognized sovereign Tribal nations 1 that have sovereign status and that establish their own civil laws and are not subject to the tax, licensing, and smokefree laws of the states where they are located. 2,3”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] National Congress of American Indians
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3] Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Dept. of the Interior, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“and instead were associated with lower perceived harm and stronger approval of smoking among youth, and greater likelihood to smoke in the future. 163-166”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [163]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [164]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [165]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [166]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The federally recognized Tribes' uniquely sovereign status provides additional opportunities for the tobacco industry to promote its products to American Indians/Alaska Natives.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ceremonial use of commercial tobacco may facilitate other industry marketing and promotional strategies targeting American Indians and thwart tobacco control efforts.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tobacco is used for ceremonial purposes in many American Indian communities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Price and tax strategies would be particularly effective in lowincome American Indian/Alaska Native communities.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These strategies likely contribute to the disparities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related diseases found among the American Indian/Alaska Native population as compared with other groups.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While the National Cancer Institute's Monograph 19 4 explores targeting of groups in general, it does not provide details about commercial tobacco marketing to American Indians in particular.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] US National Cancer Institute, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives were designed not only to increase sales to American Indians/Alaska Natives (as well as non-Tribal peoples), but also to maintain goodwill among American Indian/Alaska Native leaders, improve overall image and credibility, and garner opposition to cigarette tax and smokefree policies.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The American Cancer Society's 'Manipulating a Sacred Tradition' report 15 documents strategies used by commercial tobacco companies to manipulate and target some American Indians' sacred use of tobacco in an attempt to increase sales, resulting in increased commercial tobacco consumption and addiction among Tribal members.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] American Cancer Society, Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), 160 to which 181 countries are parties and using evidence-based best practices, recommends price and tax increases to reduce the demand for commercial tobacco.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [160]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The WHO FCTC 160 and The Guidelines for Implementation of FCTC Article 12 167 recommend using education and communication campaigns to change social, environmental, and cultural norms and perceptions regarding commercial tobacco use and marketing.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [160]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [167]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These various programs improved the industry's poor image and credibility, developed community support, forged alliances to defeat tobacco control efforts, built brand awareness, and increased commercial tobacco sales, echoing successful strategies tobacco companies used with other targeted groups. 6,7,151”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Raebeck, 2010, Unhealthy partnerships: the tobacco industry and African American and Latino labor organizations, J Immigr Minor Health source
- Check pendingcites [7] Yerger, 2002, African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy, Tob Control source
- Not matchedcites [151]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The tobacco industry has used promotional 4 and coalitionbuilding tactics to specifically target particular groups (including African Americans 5-7 ; Hispanics 6,8,9 ; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning community 10,11 ; and women 12-14 ).”
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [5] Balbach, 2003, R.J. Reynolds’ targeting of African Americans: 1988–2000, Am J Public Health source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Raebeck, 2010, Unhealthy partnerships: the tobacco industry and African American and Latino labor organizations, J Immigr Minor Health source
- Check pendingcites [7] Yerger, 2002, African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy, Tob Control source
- Check pendingcites [8] Iglesias-Rios, 2013, A historical review of R.J. Reynolds’ strategies for marketing tobacco to Hispanics in the United States, Am J Public Health source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Landrine, 2005, Cigarette advertising in Black, Latino, and White magazines, 1998–2002: an exploratory investigation, Ethn Dis
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Dilley, 2008, Does tobacco industry marketing excessively impact lesbian, gay and bisexual communities, Tob Control source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Stevens, 2004, An analysis of tobacco industry marketing to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations: strategies for mainstream tobacco control and prevention, Health Promot Pract source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because this research is based primarily on the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents, there are gaps in information.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While Tribal commercial tobacco retail stores, casinos, and bingo halls attract non-Tribal as well as American Indian/Alaska Native patrons, environmental factors such as easy access to cheap cigarettes at Tribal stores and tobacco industry promotion of cigarettes on Tribal lands may influence heavy commercial tobacco use among American Indians/Alaska Natives. 21”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and these factors may contribute to health disparities among some American Indians/Alaska Natives.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Youth Smoking Prevention programs are ineffective.
“advance ineffective Youth Smoking Prevention programs”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tobacco price increases, cigarette taxes, comprehensive smoke-free laws, and industry denormalization campaigns are proven to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease.
“Proven policy interventions to address these disparities including tobacco price increases, cigarette taxes, comprehensive smoke-free laws, and industry denormalization campaigns to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease”
The paper relies on this without support.
The previously secret tobacco industry documents available at the Truth Tobacco Documents Library are authentic and representative of industry activities.
“We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents available at the Truth Tobacco Documents Library”
The paper relies on this without support.
Federally recognized Tribes are sovereign nations that are not subject to the tax, licensing, and health laws and regulation of the states where they are geographically located.
“While there are 566 federally recognized Tribes in the Unites States and American Indian/Alaska Native communities are diverse, they are similar in that they are all sovereign nations that are not subject to the tax, licensing, and health laws and regulation of the states where they are geographically located.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tobacco is used for ceremonial purposes in many American Indian communities.
“In addition, tobacco is used for ceremonial purposes in many American Indian communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Truth Tobacco Industry Documents are authentic and provide a reliable account of industry strategies.
“Because this research is based primarily on the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents, there are gaps in information.”
Citations
Cites
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
DeCleene, K. E., & Fogo, J. (2011) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.3109/07380577.2011.629024 · Cited by 3,178
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Yao, R. (2011) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02081.x · Cited by 1,459
Why and How the Tobacco Industry Sells Cigarettes to Young Adults: Evidence From Industry Documents
Ling, P. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.6.908 · Cited by 494
Self-citationChaloupka, F. J., Cummings, K. M., Morley, C., & Horan, J. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i62 · Cited by 342
Leading causes of death and all-cause mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Espey, D. K., Jim, M. A., Cobb, N., Bartholomew, M., Becker, T., Haverkamp, D., & Plescia, M. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301798 · Cited by 262
Tobacco industry documents: treasure trove or quagmire?
Malone, R. E. (2000) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.9.3.334 · Cited by 235
Stevens, P., Carlson, L. M., & Hinman, J. M. (2004) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839904264617 · Cited by 178
The impact of retail cigarette marketing practices on youth smoking uptake
Slater, S. J., Chaloupka, F. J., Wakefield, M., Johnston, L. D., & O’Malley, P. M. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.5.440 · Cited by 147
Emotions for sale: cigarette advertising and women’s psychosocial needs
Anderson, S. J., Glantz, S., & Ling, P. (2005) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2004.009076 · Cited by 138
Self-citationDoes tobacco industry marketing excessively impact lesbian, gay and bisexual communities
Dilley, J. A., Spigner, C., Boysun, M. J., Dent, C. W., & Pizacani, B. A. (2008) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2007.024216 · Cited by 123
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Williams v. Lee, 358 U.S. 217 (1959)
- US National Cancer Institute, 2008, The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use. Tobacco Control Monograph 19
- US National Cancer Institute, 2017, A Socioecological Approach to Addressing Tobacco-Related Health Disparities. National Cancer Institute Tobacco Control Monograph 22. NIH Publication No. 17-CA-8035A
- Washington Post, Babcock C, 1992, Philip Morris Donations Target Minority Groups, Internal Company Memos Indicate Strong Lobbying Against Tax and Anti-Smoking Bills
Cited by
Sorted by citations
American Cancer Society's report on the status of cancer disparities in the United States, 2021
Islami, F., Guerra, C. E., Minihan, A. K., Yabroff, K. R., Fedewa, S. A., Sloan, K., Wiedt, T. L., Thomson, B., Siegel, R. L., Nargis, N., et al. (2021) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21703 · Cited by 280
American Cancer Society’s report on the status of cancer disparities in the United States, 2023
Islami, F., Bispo, J. B., Lee, H., Wiese, D., Yabroff, K. R., Bandi, P., Sloan, K., Patel, A. V., Daniels, E. C., Kamal, A. H., et al. (2023) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21812 · Cited by 147
Cruz, T. B., Rose, S. W., Lienemann, B. A., Byron, M., Meissner, H. I., Baezconde-Garbanati, L. A., Huang, L., Carroll, D. M., Soto, C., & Unger, J. B. (2019) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/111397 · Cited by 122
Health Disparities in Tobacco Use and Exposure: A Structural Competency Approach
Marbin, J. N., Balk, S. J., Gribben, V., Groner, J. A., CONTROL, S. O. T., Walley, S. C., Boykan, R., Jenssen, B. P., Mih, B., Alfieri, N. L., et al. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-040253 · Cited by 65
Albert, M. A., Churchwell, K., Desai, N. R., Johnson, J. C., Johnson, M. N., Khera, A., Mieres, J. H., Rodríguez, F., Velarde, G., Williams, D. R., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001203 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Lempert, L. K., & Glantz, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glantz, Stanton A
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-03-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 940-948
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- PMC
- PMC6588391
- OpenAlex
- W2789625769
- Semantic Scholar
- 393e47cfb67181977d5c2d5b426b5bbf5ab5fde3
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-087472, CA-061021)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-043950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Keywords
- tobacco industry promotion, American Indians and Alaska Natives, tribal sovereignty, tobacco control, cigarette taxes, smoking bans, tobacco price increases, smoking disparities
- MeSH terms
- Games, Recreational, Alaska Natives, Female, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, United States, Prevalence, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Products
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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