Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Open accessAbstract
Background: Nigeria is a significant tobacco market and influential country in Africa. Nigeria ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005. We reviewed Nigeria’s tobacco control legislation since 2000 and compliance of the National Tobacco Control Act (NTCA) 2015 with the FCTC. Methods: We reviewed the National Tobacco Control Bills 2011 (proposed by legislature) and 2014 (proposed by Executive), the NTCA 2015, and media stories on tobacco control from 2008 to 2017. Results: The NTCA, despite being more comprehensive than Nigeria’s first Tobacco Smoking (Control) law of 1990, maintained provisions promoted by the tobacco industry, for example: allowing designated smoking areas in hospitality venues, higher educational institutions, and transportation venues; a loophole in the advertising restrictions allowing communications with consenting adults; and having the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) (which includes tobacco companies) on the National Tobacco Control Committee charged with working with the Ministry of Health to implement the law. The industry is also directly involved with the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) in preparing regulations on cigarette constituents and emissions. In an unprecedented step globally, the law requires that implementing regulations be approved by the National Assembly, giving the industry another opportunity to weaken this law further by lobbying the legislators to favor the industry. As of January 2018, the law was still not being enforced. Conclusion: The NTCA can be strengthened through implementation guidelines still being developed. The industry should be prevented from interfering with through MAN and SON, as required by FCTC Article 5.3. Implications: The tobacco industry works to block Framework Convention on Tobacco Control implementation even after a country ratifies the treaty. The Nigerian case illustrates that it is essential for health authorities to remain vigilant and ensure that the tobacco industry does not play a decision-making role in the process of tobacco legislation and regulation either directly or indirectly. The unprecedented step of requiring approval of implementing regulations for the Nigerian law should not be allowed to become a precedent in other countries.
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As of May 2018, the 2015 Nigerian tobacco control law had not yet been fully implemented.
“The tobacco control advocates’ efforts in Nigeria yielded a more comprehensive tobacco control law for Nigeria in 2015, but as of May 2018, the law had not yet been fully implemented.19”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The ‘Implementation of the NTCA as of October 2017’ section says implementing regulations had not been released and that the government planned to enforce only nine provisions that did not require them. This supports the point that the 2015 law was not fully implemented then, but the paper does not establish its implementation status as of May 2018. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe tobacco control advocates' efforts in Nigeria yielded a more comprehensive tobacco control law for Nigeria in 2015.
“The tobacco control advocates’ efforts in Nigeria yielded a more comprehensive tobacco control law for Nigeria in 2015, but as of May 2018, the law had not yet been fully implemented.19”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The Abstract describes the 2015 National Tobacco Control Act as more comprehensive than Nigeria’s 1990 law, and “The NTCA 2015” records its passage and presidential assent in May 2015. The Legislative History documents tobacco-control activists pressing for legislation, but the paper does not establish that their efforts yielded the 2015 law specifically. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNigerian tobacco control advocates succeeded in securing the passage of the NTCA 2015, which is more comprehensive than the previous tobacco law, Decree 20 of 1990, through engagement with politicians and the media and by recruiting prominent Nigerians to campaign for a strong tobacco law.
“Nigerian tobacco control advocates succeeded in securing the passage of the NCTA 2015 which is more comprehensive than the previous tobacco law, Decree 20 of 199019 through engagement with politicians and the media, as well as recruiting prominent Nigerians to campaign for a strong tobacco law.”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Nigerian experience confirms the importance of engaging celebrities, prominent citizens and the public to promote tobacco control, increase awareness about the law and support its implementation.
“The Nigerian experience also confirms the importance of engaging celebrities, prominent citizens and the public to promote tobacco control, increase awareness about the law and support its implementation.19”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The Implementation section reports that Nigeria recruited celebrities as antitobacco ambassadors for a campaign to raise awareness of the law, and the Discussion says public awareness is needed for successful implementation. But the paper does not establish the importance of engaging prominent citizens or the public as campaign participants; it also says the celebrity campaign’s effectiveness had not been evaluated. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNigeria enacted its National Tobacco Control Act in 2015, 10 years after ratifying the FCTC and after several failed efforts to enact comprehensive tobacco control legislation.
“Nigeria enacted its National Tobacco Control Act17 (NTCA) in 2015, 10 years after ratifying the FCTC and after several failed efforts to enact comprehensive tobacco control legislation.18,19”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Engagement of the tobacco industry with government officials as described in this study, as well as the inclusion of the Manufacturer's Association of Nigeria (MAN), which includes the tobacco industry as a member, on the NATOCC in charge of implementing the 2015 law, are clear indications that more work is needed by both advocates and government to protect tobacco control policy from the tobacco
“Engagement of the tobacco industry with government officials as described in this study, as well as the inclusion of the Manufacturer’s Association of Nigeria (MAN), which includes the tobacco industry as a member, on the NATOCC1719 in charge of implementing the 2015 law, are clear indications that more work is needed by both advocates and government to protect tobacco control policy from the”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The tobacco industry succeeded in weakening the bill, with the resulting law falling short of effective FCTC implementation.
“However, the tobacco industry succeeded in weakening the bill, with the resulting law falling short of effective FCTC implementation.19”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The NTCA 2015 is the first Nigerian law to include a provision requiring the regulatory body charged with implementing the law to obtain approval of proposed regulatory guidelines by the National Assembly before implementing them.
“In particular, the NTCA 201517 is the first Nigerian law to include a provision requiring the regulatory body charged with implementing the law to obtain approval of proposed regulatory guidelines by the National Assembly before implementing them.1936”
From Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach
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Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries
Gilmore, A. B., Fooks, G., Drope, J., Bialous, S. A., & Jackson, R. R. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60312-9 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
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Egbe, C. O., Bialous, S. A., & Glantz, S. (2019) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054344 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Egbe, C. O., Bialous, S. A., & Glantz, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glantz, Stanton
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-04-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1122-1130
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- PMC
- PMC6636173
- OpenAlex
- W2795366893
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-087472)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Law › Intellectual Property Law
- Keywords
- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, tobacco control legislation, tobacco industry influence, tobacco advertising restrictions, designated smoking areas, tobacco industry lobbying, implementing regulations, tobacco control enforcement, low- and middle-income countries, Nigeria
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Advertising, Developing Countries, Humans, Nigeria, Smoking, World Health Organization, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Products
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