CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,206Qualitative Research Methods and ApplicationsQualitative Research Methods and EthicsData Analysis and Archiving

Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach

Open access
Smith, Joanna, Firth, Jill·2011·Nurse Researcher
DOI 10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.52.c8284
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Qualitative methods are invaluable for exploring the complexities of health care and patient experiences in particular. Diverse qualitative methods are available that incorporate different ontological and epistemological perspectives. One method of data management that is gaining in popularity among healthcare researchers is the framework approach. We will outline this approach, discuss its relative merits and provide a working example of its application to data management and analysis.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This methodological article outlines the framework approach to qualitative data analysis and illustrates its application using a doctoral study of parents managing a child’s hydrocephalus and shunt. It argues that the framework approach offers a transparent, systematic, interconnected set of stages that can enhance rigour in healthcare qualitative research.

Key findings

  • The framework approach is presented as particularly suited to cross-sectional descriptive data and to making researchers’ interpretations of participants’ experiences transparent, with interconnected stages that guide analysis from data management to descriptive and explanatory accounts.
  • In the worked example, the coding matrix was developed from four family interview transcripts, and the analysis produced three core concepts: uncertainty, becoming an expert, and living a normal life.
  • Parents’ lack of control over preventing shunt malfunction positioned them in the typology described as overwhelming uncertainty, one of four possible typologies from Penrod (2007): overwhelming uncertainty, role uncertainty, pervasive uncertainty, and minimal uncertainty.
  • The authors report that the framework approach helped retain links between original data and findings, supported case-based and theme-based analysis, and enabled tracking of analytical decisions.

Methods

  • Design: Methodological overview and worked example of the framework approach, drawing on a doctoral study by one author (JS) investigating parents’ management of their child’s hydrocephalus and shunt.
  • Data/sample: In-depth face-to-face interviews with parents, conducted individually or jointly, using an interview topic guide; interviews were transcribed verbatim. The initial coding matrix was developed from four family interview transcripts selected to represent a range of experiences, including one family whose older child had no shunt problems.
  • Analysis: Applied the framework approach described by Ritchie and Lewis (2003), involving familiarisation, in-vivo coding, category and theme development, a coding index, NVivo-assisted data management, refinement of themes, development of abstract concepts, and explanatory accounts linked to existing literature and theory.

Limitations

  • The paper does not present a formal limitations section. It states that novice researchers may underestimate the time required for early analytical stages, that part-time students can find it difficult to re-engage with data after time away, and that software and training costs for the National Centre for Social Research package need to be factored into funding applications.
  • Evident from the text: the worked example comes from a single doctoral study, and the initial coding matrix used only four family interview transcripts; the total sample size and participant characteristics are not reported.
  • Evident from the text: the article offers a methodological illustration rather than an empirical comparison or formal evaluation of the framework approach against other qualitative analysis methods.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.52.c8284

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 18 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    Parents' accounts of living with their child with hydrocephalus suggest the constant vigilance in observing their child for illness symptoms because of the unpredictable nature of shunt malfunction is relentless.

    “Parents' accounts of living with their child with hydrocephalus suggest the constantly vigilance in observing their child for illness symptoms because of the unpredictable nature of shunt malfunction is relentless.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
    • Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
    • Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
  • Findingown data
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    Through the application of the framework approach three core concepts were developed that appeared to reflect parents' accounts of living with a child with hydrocephalus.

    “Through the application of the framework approach three core concepts were developed that appeared to reflect parents' accounts of living with a child with hydrocephalus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
    • Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
    • Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
  • Interpretationcitation
    § Introduction · p. 3

    The principles of the framework approach can be used to undertake qualitative data analysis systematically.

    “The principles of the framework approach can be used to undertake qualitative data analysis systematically.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The interconnected stages within the framework approach explicitly describe the processes that guide the systematic analysis of data from the development of descriptive to explanatory accounts.
  • Premisecitation
    § Application of the framework approach · p. 5

    One advantage of the framework approach is that researchers' interpretations of participants' experiences are transparent.

    “Second, one of the advantages of the framework approach is that researchers' interpretations of participants' experiences are transparent (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    The overwhelming uncertainty typology may explain the reason parents' accounts of living with their child with hydrocephalus were dominated by the possibility that their child's shunt could malfunction at any time.

    “This may explain the reason parents' accounts of living with their child with hydrocephalus were dominated by the possibility that their child's shunt could malfunction at any time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
    • Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
    • Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
  • May combine two claims. 9
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    The other core concepts were becoming an expert and living a normal life.

    “The other core concepts were becoming an expert and living a normal life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 9

    Returning to data analysis after a time-out period and reading all the transcripts again to consider the phenomena as a whole resulted in the process of data analysis becoming much more meaningful.

    “Retuning to data analysis after a time-out period and reading all the transcripts again to consider the phenomena as a whole resulted in the process of data analysis becoming much more meaningful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning
    § Insert figure 2 · p. 6

    Data management using the coding retrieval and search facilities within NVivo was the first stage of more in-depth analysis because it facilitated preliminary thoughts to emerge across cases and develop linkages between categories and initial themes, while retaining links to the original data.

    “Data management using the coding retrieval and search facilities within NVivo ® was the first stage of more in-depth analysis because it facilitated preliminary thoughts to emerge across cases and develop linkages between categories and initial themes, while retaining links to the original data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    The authors grossly underestimated the time required to undertake the early stages of the analysis.

    “Although our enthusiasm remained throughout, we grossly underestimated the time required to undertake the early the stages of the analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    The first challenge related to the process of attaching labels to preliminary codes which were initially abstract in nature and did not fully represent the extracts from which they were derived.

    “The first challenge related to the process of attaching labels to preliminary codes which were initially abstract in nature and did not fully represent the extracts from which they were derived.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    Asking the question 'what are participants really trying to describe?' when considering sections of the data and using participants own words whenever possible assisted with ensuring the process of labelling the data reflected participants' accounts.

    “Asking the question 'what are participants really trying to describe?' when considering sections of the data and using participants own words whenever possible assisted with ensuring the process of labelling the data reflected participants' accounts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 9

    Forward and backward movement between the data as a whole, individual participant accounts and cross linkage with initial categories resulted in the emergence of the final categories and the development of the final conceptual framework that describes parents' accounts.

    “Forward and backward movement between the data as a whole, individual participant accounts and cross linkage with initial categories resulted in the emergence of the final categories and the development of the final conceptual framework that describes parents' accounts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    Our experiences of undertaking qualitative data analysis share similarities with the experiences of other novice qualitative researchers.

    “Our experiences of undertaking qualitative data analysis share similarities with the experiences of other novice qualitative researchers (Li and Seale 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li and Seale 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Approaches to qualitative data analysis · p. 4

    Analytical frameworks such as the framework approach and thematic networks are gaining popularity because they systematically and explicitly apply the principles of undertaking qualitative analysis to a series of interconnected stages that guide the process.

    “Analytical frameworks such as the framework approach (Ritchie and Lewis 2003) and thematic networks (Attride-Stirling 2001) are gaining popularity because they systematically and explicitly apply the principles of undertaking qualitative analysis to a series of interconnected stages that guide the process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Attride-Stirling 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The framework approach is gaining popularity among healthcare researchers as a means of analysing qualitative data derived from healthcare research.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Introduction · p. 3

    Using the framework approach enables the researcher to explore data in depth while maintaining an effective and transparent audit trail, enhancing the rigour of the analytical processes.

    “This enables the researcher to explore data in depth while simultaneously maintaining an effective and transparent audit trail, enhancing the rigour of the analytical processes (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Context · p. 3

    Published qualitative research often lacks transparency in relation to the analytical processes employed, which hinders the ability of the reader to critically appraise the study's findings.

    “Published qualitative research often lacks transparency in relation to the analytical processes employed, which hinders the ability of the reader to critically appraise the study's findings (Maggs-Rapport 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Maggs-Rapport 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Insert figure 2 · p. 7

    The package can be used to summarise data into a series of matrices from which it is possible to conduct case based and thematic analysis.

    “The package can be used to summarise data into a series of matrices from which it is possible to conduct case based and thematic analysis (www.natcen.ac.uk).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites www.natcen.ac.uk

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion · p. 9

    The framework approach is a valuable tool for data analysis in qualitative healthcare research.

    “We have found the framework approach a valuable tool for data analysis in qualitative healthcare research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Ensuring data analysis is explicitly described enhances the credibility of the findings.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    In our separate studies we valued working with experienced researchers who were willing to challenge assumptions and decisions at each stage of the analysis, adding to the rigour of the research.

    “In our separate studies we valued working with experienced researchers who were willing to challenge assumptions and decisions at each stage of the analysis, adding to the rigour of the research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 9

    The iterative process resonates with the central tenet of the framework approach that the interconnected stages are not linear, but a scaffold that guides the analysis.

    “This iterative process resonates with the central tenant of the framework approach that the interconnected stages are not linear, but a scaffold that guides the analysis (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion · p. 9

    This adds to the rigour of the research process and enhances the validity of the findings.

    “This adds to the rigour of the research process and enhances the validity of the findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Identifying and testing a thematic framework · p. 6

    The coding matrix and transcripts from which it was derived were reviewed by two experienced researchers as part of the ongoing measures taken to ensure the rigour of the study.

    “The coding matrix and transcripts from which it was derived were reviewed by two experienced researchers as part of the ongoing measures taken to ensure the rigour of the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § An overview of the framework approach · p. 4

    Thematic analysis has been criticised for lacking depth, fragmenting the phenomena being studied, being subjective and lacking transparency in relation to the development of themes, which can result in difficulties when judging the rigour of the findings.

    “However, thematic analysis has been criticised for lacking depth, fragmenting the phenomena being studied, being subjective and lacking transparency in relation to the development of themes, which can result in difficulties when judging the rigour of the findings (Attride-Stirling 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Attride-Stirling 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 7

    A crucial element within qualitative analysis is the critical thinking that occurs in relation to how participants' descriptions are coded, links between codes and categories, and links between categories and themes.

    “A crucial element within qualitative analysis is the critical thinking that occurs in relation to how participants' descriptions are coded, links between codes and categories, and links between categories and themes (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § An overview of the framework approach · p. 4

    Thematic analysis can provide rich and insightful understandings of complex phenomena, be applied across a range of theoretical and epistemological approaches, and expand on or test existing theory.

    “Thematic analysis can provide rich and insightful understandings of complex phenomena, be applied across a range of theoretical and epistemological approaches, and expand on or test existing theory (Braun and Clark 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Braun and Clark 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § An overview of the framework approach · p. 4

    Central to the analytical processes within the framework approach is a series of interconnected stages that enables the researcher to move back and forth across the data until a coherent account emerges.

    “Central to the analytical processes within the framework approach is a series of interconnected stages that enables the researcher to move back and forth across the data until a coherent account emerges (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Data management using a case and theme based approach · p. 6

    In-vivo codes are advocated within the framework approach as a means of staying 'true' to the data.

    “In-vivo codes are advocated within the framework approach as a means of staying 'true' to the data (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ritchie and Lewis 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusion · p. 9

    The process enables the researcher to track decisions which ensures links between the original data and findings are maintained and transparent.

    “The process enables the researcher to track decisions which ensures links between the original data and findings are maintained and transparent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Conclusion · p. 9

    For researchers engaging with qualitative research for the first time, the framework approach provides an effective route map and facilitates both a case and theme based approach to data analysis.

    “For researchers engaging with qualitative research for the first time, it provides an effective route map for the journey and facilities both a case and theme based approach to data analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Development of descriptive and explanatory accounts · p. 8

    Four possible typologies that reflect an individual's perception of their level of confidence and control when faced with uncertainty have been identified as overwhelming uncertainty, role uncertainty, pervasive uncertainty, minimal uncertainty.

    “Four possible typologies that reflect an individuals' perception of their level of confidence and control when faced with uncertainty have been identified as; overwhelming uncertainty, role uncertainty, pervasive uncertainty, minimal uncertainty (Penrod 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Penrod 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

25 of 25

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The framework approach is gaining popularity among healthcare researchers as a means of analysing qualitative data derived from healthcare research.

    “One method of data analysis that appears to be gaining popularity among healthcare researchers is the framework approach.”
    “More recently, the framework approach appears to be gaining popularity as a means of analysing qualitative data derived from healthcare research.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ensuring data analysis is explicitly described enhances the credibility of the findings.

    “Ensuring data analysis is explicitly described enhances the credibility of the findings.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Qualitative approaches are appropriate for exploring the complexities of health and well-being and can facilitate a deep understanding of the patient experience.

    “Qualitative approaches are appropriate for exploring the complexities of health and well-being and can facilitate a deep understanding of the patient experience.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.

    “Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are problematic in that they are prone to malfunctioning which for some children can be life threatening.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.

    “Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.

    “Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The framework approach has many similarities to thematic analysis, particularly in the initial stages when recurring and significant themes are identified.

    “The framework approach has many similarities to thematic analysis, particularly in the initial stages when recurring and significant themes are identified.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Remaining true to participants' descriptions is a fundamental principle within the framework approach and central when developing more abstract concepts.

    “Remaining true to participants' descriptions is a fundamental principle within the framework approach and central when developing more abstract concepts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The interconnected stages within the framework approach explicitly describe the processes that guide the systematic analysis of data from the development of descriptive to explanatory accounts.

    “The interconnected stages within the framework approach explicitly describe the processes that guide the systematic analysis of data from the development of descriptive to explanatory accounts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The early stages of qualitative data analysis are essential if the findings are to be credible.

    “Yet these stages are essential if the findings are to be credible.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Detailed published examples describing the stages of data analysis have the potential to assist the novice researcher to develop the skills required to undertake qualitative data analysis.

    “In addition detailed published examples describing the stages of the data analysis have the potential to assist the novice researcher to develop the skills required to undertake qualitative data analysis.”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting titles for the same article

    Minor

    The repository's original citation and the citation in the paper give different titles for the same authors, year, journal volume, issue, and pages.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Morse JM, Richards L (2002) Read me first for a users guide to qualitative methods. Sage Publications, London
  2. Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N (2000) Qualitative research in healthcare: analysing qualitative data. British Medical Journal 320: 114 - 116

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Smith, J., & Firth, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Salford (GB)
  • University of Leeds (GB)
ORCID
Smith, Joanna
Venue
Nurse Researcher
Publisher
RCNi
Published
2011-01-21
Volume
18
Issue
2
Pages
52-62
ISSN
  • 1351-5578 (ISSN-L)
  • 2047-8992
DOI
10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.52.c8284
OpenAlex
W1974294929
Semantic Scholar
49d6f2a41acfc52afa287fb9ba9473a6b7decaea
Cited by
1,206
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 61 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 8
FWCI
120.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Nurse Researcher (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) (acceptedVersion)
  • University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Data Analysis and Archiving
Keywords
framework approach, qualitative data analysis, data management, health care research, patient experience
MeSH terms
Humans, Patients, Qualitative Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review