Role of stakeholders in Nigeria’s tobacco control journey after the FCTC: lessons for tobacco control advocacy in low-income and middle-income countries
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Nigeria ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005. Tobacco control advocates in Nigeria achieved some success in countering tobacco industry interference to implement the FCTC. Methods: We triangulated interviews with key informants from local and international organisations who worked in Nigeria with documentation of the legislative process and Nigerian newspaper articles. Data were analysed and interpreted using the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of tobacco industry interference that had been developed mostly based on experience in high-income countries. Results: As in high-income countries, the tobacco industry continued to oppose tobacco control policies after Nigeria ratified the FCTC, including weakening Nigeria’s 2015 National Tobacco Control Act. Both tobacco control advocates and industry used discursive (argument-based) and instrumental (activity-based) strategies. The industry argued self-regulation and the economic importance of tobacco. They exploited legislative procedures, used front groups and third parties to push for pro-industry changes. Advocates, with help from international organisations, mobilised prominent Nigerians and the public. Advocates pre-empted and countered the industry through traditional and social media, monitoring and exposing tobacco industry activities, and by actively engaging lawmakers and citizens during the legislative process. Conclusion: The Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference provide a helpful framework for understanding tobacco control debates in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) as in high-income countries. One difference in LMIC is the important role of international tobacco control advocates in supporting national tobacco control advocates. This partnership is important in pushing for FCTC-compliant legislation and countering industry activities in LMIC.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Nigeria ratified the WHO FCTC in 2005 and enacted its National Tobacco Control Act in 2015, but the tobacco industry continued to oppose and weaken tobacco control policy. Using the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference, the study shows how Nigerian advocates, supported by international partners, used discursive and instrumental strategies to counter industry tactics and push for FCTC-compliant legislation.
Key findings
- The tobacco industry continued opposing tobacco control after FCTC ratification, including weakening Nigeria’s 2015 National Tobacco Control Act; it used discursive arguments such as self-regulation, economic importance, and threats to foreign direct investment, and instrumental strategies such as front groups, third-party allies, CSR, and exploitation of legislative procedures.
- Tobacco control advocates, with international organisations including FCA, CAI, and CTFK, mobilised prominent Nigerians, the public, traditional and social media, monitored and exposed industry activities, and engaged lawmakers; they secured the NTCA 2015, which was more comprehensive than the previous Decree 20 of 1990.
- BATN claimed it employed thousands, but information on its website showed only about 1000 employees; advocates used this to counter the claim, after which BATN removed its employment figures from the website.
- Weak provisions entered the final NTCA 2015, including designated smoking areas in higher education, hospitality, and transportation venues, and a provision allowing manufacturers and retailers to communicate with “consenting adults”; as of May 2018, implementing regulations had not been approved, effectively blocking full implementation.
Methods
- Qualitative triangulation of 12 key informants from five local and international organisations involved in tobacco control advocacy in Nigeria, interviewed between December 2015 and June 2017; each interview lasted approximately 45 min, was voice recorded, and transcribed. Attempts to interview government officials and legislators directly involved were unsuccessful.
- Nigerian newspaper articles published between January 2008 and July 2017 were retrieved via Google searches of key Nigerian newspaper websites and snowball searches; public hearing proceedings were obtained from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids and Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria.
- Interviews, news articles, and written materials were triangulated and analysed with Dedoose using thematic analysis with a priori themes from the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of tobacco industry interference; the first author conducted interviews and analysis, and the second and third authors independently verified results.
Limitations
- Stated: the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories had blurred differentiating lines between some strategies, such as “manipulating public opinions” carried out under CSR; the study relied on advocate key informants because government officials from the National Assembly and Federal Ministry of Health did not respond, making some claims impossible to verify; some advocates were difficult to reach, causing delays; retired or no-longer-engaged advocates could not be reached; possible recall bias, socially desirable answers, and misrepresentations were addressed as much as possible through triangulation with newspaper reports and legislative documents.
- Evident: the study lacks government and tobacco industry insider perspectives, so findings are shaped largely by the advocacy community’s accounts; the paper also states that as of May 2018 the authors were unaware of any plans to evaluate the effects of state-level tobacco control laws on overall FCTC national indicators.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
39 of 130 cited sources checked · 18 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Low- and middle-income countries face extreme pressure from the tobacco industry to delay FCTC implementation.
“Low and middle income countries (LMIC) face extreme pressure from the industry to delay FCTC implementation.13”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
- Interpretationcitation
The Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference provide a helpful framework for understanding tobacco control debates in low/middle-income countries as in high-income countries.
“The Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference provide a helpful framework for understanding tobacco control debates in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) as in high-income countries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Ulucanlar, 2016, The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity, PLoS Med source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says similar industry strategies are used in developed and developing economies, while cautioning that the studies underlying the model were dominated by high-income regions. The Conclusions (page unavailable) present the model and its taxonomies as useful at national, regional, and international levels. The paper discusses WHO FCTC guidance, but does not present WHO categories of industry interference as part of this framework. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [23] Organzation WH . Geneva, Switzerland Tobacco Industry Interference a Global Brief: WHO, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70894/1/WHO_NMH_TFI_12.1_eng.pdf. (accessed 21 Jan 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of tobacco industry interference, developed largely from high-income country examples, are applicable to and adequate for analysing tobacco control debates and industry strategies in Nigeria and other LMICs.
- Premisecitation
Properly implemented FCTC policies significantly reduce tobacco consumption.
“Properly implemented FCTC policies significantly reduce tobacco consumption.7–10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 4 sources checked- cites [7] source
The Introduction describes health warning labels as an effective policy for decreasing tobacco consumption. But the Methods and Results assess whether countries implemented FCTC-compliant warning labels, not whether implementation significantly reduced consumption. The source therefore supports the claim for warning labels in general, but not its broader assertion about FCTC policies or a measured significant reduction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [8] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) states that comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship reduce tobacco use, especially among young people. But the paper's Conclusions (page unavailable) concern accelerated adoption of those bans, not a measured reduction in consumption. It does not establish a significant consumption reduction from properly implemented FCTC policies generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [9] source
The Results and Discussion report that the FCTC accelerated passage of mandated cigarette health warning labels, not that its policies reduced tobacco consumption. Searches for tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence found no passage in our copy assessing that outcome; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [10] source
The Results report that FCTC ratification significantly increased the probability of adopting smoke-free laws, while the Abstract discusses reduced exposure to secondhand smoke. Neither passage establishes that implementing FCTC policies significantly reduces tobacco consumption; a search for consumption and smoking prevalence found no such finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The increase in foreign investors included multinational tobacco companies, notably BATN.
“This increase in foreign investors included multinational tobacco companies, notably BATN.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Egbe, 2017, Avoiding "A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond": The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria, Nicotine Tob Res source
The Results (page unavailable) identify British American Tobacco as a major player in Nigeria, owning 60% of the Nigerian Tobacco Company, and note the presence of another multinational tobacco company. They do not establish that the number of foreign investors increased or that tobacco companies were part of such an increase. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
Tobacco control advocacy in Africa was galvanised with the beginning of the FCTC negotiations in 2000.
“Tobacco control advocacy in Africa was galvanised with the beginning of the FCTC negotiations in 2000.2930”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [29] source
The FCTC negotiation process section describes African regional meetings in 1999 and 2000 and says the October 2000 hearings created an opportunity to galvanize tobacco-control civil society organisations. The paper also describes NGO lobbying of African delegates, but does not specifically say that advocacy in Africa was galvanised by the start of negotiations in 2000. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [30] Lambert P . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The tobacco control advocates' efforts in Nigeria yielded a more comprehensive tobacco control law for Nigeria in 2015.
“The tobacco control advocates’ efforts in Nigeria yielded a more comprehensive tobacco control law for Nigeria in 2015, but as of May 2018, the law had not yet been fully implemented.19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
The Abstract describes the 2015 National Tobacco Control Act as more comprehensive than Nigeria’s 1990 law, and “The NTCA 2015” records its passage and presidential assent in May 2015. The Legislative History documents tobacco-control activists pressing for legislation, but the paper does not establish that their efforts yielded the 2015 law specifically. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
The experience of increased international technical support, training and funding for tobacco control advocacy in Nigeria is consistent with the results of similar support for civil society groups in other countries, including South Africa, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Uruguay and Thailand.
“This experience is consistent with the results of similar support for civil society groups in other countries, including South Africa,5 Mexico,59 Costa Rica,63 Colombia,64 Uruguay65 and Thailand.3”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Asare, 2009, Tobacco Regulation in South Africa: Interest Groups and Public Policy, Afr J Polit Sci Int Relat source
- cites [59] source
- cites [63] source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
As of May 2018, the tobacco industry strategies documented in Nigeria were still being used successfully in other countries.
“and as of May 2018 were still being used successfully in other countries, suggesting a need to restrategise tobacco control efforts around the world.62”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] 2015, What will it take to create a tobacco-free world?, Lancet source
The Abstract says the tobacco industry was undermining tobacco policy in many countries and exploiting markets in low- and middle-income countries. It does not identify strategies documented in Nigeria or establish that those strategies were still being used successfully as of May 2018; this paper dates from 2015. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
The strategies the tobacco industry used to interfere with tobacco control policy in Nigeria are similar to documented tobacco industry tactics in high-income countries and other LMIC.
“The strategies the tobacco industry used to interfere with tobacco control policy in Nigeria are similar to documented tobacco industry tactics in high-income countries222358 and other LMIC,3111359–61”
- Also stated in: § Implications for Nigeria and other LMIC · plain
“Industry tactics in Nigeria reflect those used globally.35545559”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [22] Ulucanlar, 2016, The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity, PLoS Med source
- cites [23] Organzation WH . Geneva, Switzerland Tobacco Industry Interference a Global Brief: WHO, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70894/1/WHO_NMH_TFI_12.1_eng.pdf. (accessed 21 Jan 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [58] source
The Methods and Results (pages unavailable) examine banking crises and heart-disease mortality, not tobacco policy. Searches for tobacco-industry interference in Nigeria and comparable tactics in other countries found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Also stated in: § Implications for Nigeria and other LMIC · plain
- Premisecitation
The Policy Dystopia Model can be used to assess tobacco control advocates' strategies to preempt and counter the tobacco industry in LMIC.
“In addition, it can be used to assess tobacco control advocates’ strategies to preempt and counter the tobacco industry in LMIC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Ulucanlar, 2016, The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity, PLoS Med source
The Discussion says the model can help public health advocates anticipate and counter industry opposition, and the Conclusions say it can help them plan strategies. But the paper does not say the model assesses advocates’ strategies; it also cautions in the Discussion that its source literature was dominated by high-income regions, limiting certainty about applicability in LMICs. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
As of May 2018, the 2015 Nigerian tobacco control law had not yet been fully implemented.
“The tobacco control advocates’ efforts in Nigeria yielded a more comprehensive tobacco control law for Nigeria in 2015, but as of May 2018, the law had not yet been fully implemented.19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
The ‘Implementation of the NTCA as of October 2017’ section says implementing regulations had not been released and that the government planned to enforce only nine provisions that did not require them. This supports the point that the 2015 law was not fully implemented then, but the paper does not establish its implementation status as of May 2018. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
The NTCA 2015 is the first Nigerian law to include a provision requiring the regulatory body charged with implementing the law to obtain approval of proposed regulatory guidelines by the National Assembly before implementing them.
“In particular, the NTCA 201517 is the first Nigerian law to include a provision requiring the regulatory body charged with implementing the law to obtain approval of proposed regulatory guidelines by the National Assembly before implementing them.1936”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Engagement of the tobacco industry with government officials as described in this study, as well as the inclusion of the Manufacturer's Association of Nigeria (MAN), which includes the tobacco industry as a member, on the NATOCC in charge of implementing the 2015 law, are clear indications that more work is needed by both advocates and government to protect tobacco control policy from the tobacco
“Engagement of the tobacco industry with government officials as described in this study, as well as the inclusion of the Manufacturer’s Association of Nigeria (MAN), which includes the tobacco industry as a member, on the NATOCC1719 in charge of implementing the 2015 law, are clear indications that more work is needed by both advocates and government to protect tobacco control policy from the”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [17] Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos National Tobacco Control Act. The Federal Government Printer, Nigeria 2015 http://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Nigeria/Nigeria%20-%20TCA%20-%20national.pdf (accessed 31 Mar 2016).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
- Findingown data
The tobacco industry and tobacco control advocates used discursive strategies to support their positions about the proposed law.
“The tobacco industry and tobacco control advocates used discursive (argument-based) strategies to support their positions about the proposed law (table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
During the legislative process leading to the 2015 National Tobacco Control Bill, several organisations and groups previously unknown to be engaged in tobacco appeared to promote the tobacco industry's positions.
“During the legislative process leading to the 2015 National Tobacco Control Bill, several organisations and groups previously unknown to be engaged in tobacco appeared to promote the tobacco industry’s positions36 (table 1 and supplementary table S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Both tobacco control advocates and the tobacco industry used discursive and instrumental strategies.
“Both tobacco control advocates and industry used discursive (argument-based) and instrumental (activity-based) strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The tobacco industry was supported by prominent Nigerians, including past legislators and ex-President Chief Olusegun Obasanjo.
“In addition to third party allies, the industry was supported by prominent Nigerians, including past legislators and an ex-President, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo36 (table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Consistent with its global strategies, the tobacco industry mobilised associates, front groups and politicians to counter efforts to formulate a comprehensive tobacco control policy after Nigeria ratified the FCTC.
“Consistent with its global strategies,23 the tobacco industry mobilised associates, front groups and politicians to counter efforts to formulate a comprehensive tobacco control policy after Nigeria ratified the FCTC (table 1 and online supplementary table S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Organzation WH . Geneva, Switzerland Tobacco Industry Interference a Global Brief: WHO, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70894/1/WHO_NMH_TFI_12.1_eng.pdf. (accessed 21 Jan 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingcitation
Other organisations that made pro-industry presentations at the public hearing included Araga Farm Settlement, Nigeria Independent Tobacco Association and Habanera Limited.
“Other organisations that made pro-industry presentations at the public hearing include Araga Farm Settlement, Nigeria Independent Tobacco Association and Habanera Limited (online supplementary table S2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites online supplementary table S2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Tobacco control advocates mobilised at the grassroots to pressure the National Assembly during the public hearings.
“Tobacco control advocates mobilised at the grassroots to pressure the National Assembly during the public hearings (table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The tobacco industry continued to oppose tobacco control policies after Nigeria ratified the FCTC, including weakening Nigeria's 2015 National Tobacco Control Act.
“As in high-income countries, the tobacco industry continued to oppose tobacco control policies after Nigeria ratified the FCTC, including weakening Nigeria’s 2015 National Tobacco Control Act.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
International organisations funded by international partners provided small grants to local organisations including ERA/FoEN to conduct small-scale research and grass-roots advocacy.
“These international organisations funded by international partners (including grants from the Norwegian Cancer Society to FCA for their preliminary work in Africa33) provided small grants to local organisations including ERA/FoEN to conduct small scale research and grass-roots advocacy.3133”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [31] Franko C . Interview Conducted on May 2 and 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [33] Huber L . Interview Conducted on June 1, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
International organisations including Corporate Accountability International and the Framework Convention Alliance sought advocates in African countries, including Nigeria, to organise a regional advocacy community to participate in the FCTC negotiations.
“As momentum built during the FCTC negotiations in the early 2000s, international organisations including Corporate Accountability International3031 (CAI, formally INFACT) and the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) sought advocates in African countries, including Nigeria, to organise a regional advocacy community to participate in the FCTC negotiations.3233”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [32] Ntiabang T . Interview Conducted on May 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [33] Huber L . Interview Conducted on June 1, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Many of the tobacco control advocates' actions were proactive and aimed at pushing for FCTC-compliant legislation in Nigeria.
“While some of the tobacco control advocates’ efforts were aimed at countering the industry’s arguments and activities, many of the advocates’ actions were proactive and aimed at pushing for FCTC-compliant legislation in Nigeria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Tobacco control advocates solicited and received the support of prominent Nigerian citizens and politicians called tobacco control champions.
“Working together, tobacco control advocates solicited and received the support of ‘tobacco control champions’ who were prominent Nigerian citizens and politicians happy to work with advocates to achieve a tobacco-free Nigeria.3839”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [39] Isong E . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed.2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
Tobacco control advocates, with help from international organisations, mobilised prominent Nigerians and the public.
“Advocates, with help from international organisations, mobilised prominent Nigerians and the public.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
ERA/FoEN, backed by international organisations including FCA, CAI and CTFK, mobilised other Nigerian civil society groups under the umbrella of the National Tobacco Control Alliance.
“ERA/FoEN, backed by international organisations including FCA, CAI and CTFK,303133 mobilised other Nigerian civil society groups (table 1) under the umbrella of the National Tobacco Control Alliance.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [30] Lambert P . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [31] Franko C . Interview Conducted on May 2 and 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [33] Huber L . Interview Conducted on June 1, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Advocates made presentations at public hearings on the tobacco bills highlighting the importance of strong laws to regulate tobacco, checkmate the tobacco industry and save lives.
“They made presentations at public hearings on the tobacco bills highlighting the importance of strong laws to regulate tobacco, checkmate the tobacco industry and save lives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The tobacco industry used front groups, third-party allies and politicians to push for change in the draft law during the legislative process.
“The industry used front groups, third party allies and politicians to push for change in the draft law during the legislative process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Advocates used press releases and newspaper reports to expose the industry's planned activities and motivations, such as the plan to train police officers in Lagos state and the establishment of a political liaison office.
“Advocates used press releases and newspaper reports to expose the industry’s planned activities and their motivations such as industry’s plan to train police officers in Lagos state and the establishment of a political liaison office.3646–49”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [46] Nigeria NGO Tackles Senator Adedibu over Tobacco Bill. Vanguard Media Limited 2010 http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/ngo-tackles-senator-adedibu-over-tobacco-bill/ (accessed 21 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [47] Nigeria Tobacco Firms’ Interference Biggest Threat to Control Effort. 2014. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/168216-tobacco-firms-interference-biggest-threat-to-control-effort.html (accessed 16 Sep 2017)
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [48] Ezeamalu B . Nigeria Group Accuses British American Tobacco of Misleading Police on Tobacco Law. 2014 http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/166912-group-accuses-british-american-tobacco-of-misleading-police-on-tobacco-law.html (accessed 18 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [49] Jimoh A . Nigeria Csos Raise Alarm over Planned Suppression of Anti-Smoking Laws. Media Trust Limited 2017 https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/csos-raise-alarm-over-planned-suppression-of-anti-smoking-laws/196818.html (accessed May 8, 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingreasoning
Nigeria is not fully implementing FCTC Article 5.3, which asked parties to protect tobacco policies from the vested interests of the tobacco industry.
“Nigeria is not fully implementing FCTC Article 5.3 which asked parties to protect tobacco policies from the vested interests of the tobacco industry.57”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] World Health Organization. Switzerland WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Guidelines for Implementation World Health Organization. Geneva, 2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/80510/1/9789241505185_eng.pdf?ua=1. (accessed 15 Sep 2016).
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingcitation
Tobacco control advocates successfully supported state-level tobacco control laws in Osun, Ekiti and Lagos states as well as the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
“While working at the national level, tobacco control advocates successfully supported state-level tobacco control laws in Osun,3638 Ekiti36 and Lagos states44 as well as the Federal Capital Territory,3638 Abuja.36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [44] Ezeamalu B . Nigeria Civil Society Groups Commend Governor Fashola for Signing Tobacco Bill. 2014 http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/155428-civil-society-groups-commend-governor-fashola-signing-tobacco-bill.html (accessed 19 Feb 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingnone given
Tobacco control advocates used provisions in state laws as a benchmark to push for stronger provisions in the national law.
“Tobacco control advocates used provisions in these state laws as a benchmark to push for stronger provisions in the national law.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
There was an increase in positive media reports on tobacco industry activities to improve the industry's image.
“There was also an increase in positive media reports on tobacco industry activities to improve the industry’s image.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Advocates mobilised individuals and groups to attend and present at the public hearings.
“Advocates also mobilised individuals and groups to attend and present at the public hearings.2627363853”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [26] Summary of the Public Hearing on a Bill for an Act to Enact the Tobacco Smoking (Control) Bill.Held at the Federal House of Representatives, National Assembly, Abuja. 2014. Received from Campaign from Tobacco-Free Kids on September 9, 2016.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [27] Summary of the Two-Day Public Hearing on a Bill for an Act to Amend the Tobacco Control Act, 1990 Cap T16, Laws of the Federation, and to Enact the National Tobacco Control (Ammendment) Bill, 2009 (Sb 221). Recieved from Environmental Rights Action/ Friends of the Earth Nigeria on 2016.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
Some of the politicians and celebrities joined civil society groups at public hearings at the National Assembly on the tobacco control bills.
“Some of these politicians and celebrities joined civil society groups at public hearings at the National Assembly on the tobacco control bills.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
In a bid to manoeuvre the political process and influence the Nigerian government, BATN extended its goodwill activities to government agencies and politicians.
“In a bid to manoeuver the political process and influence the Nigerian government, BATN extended its ‘goodwill’ activities to government agencies and politicians.36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Tobacco industry attendees at the public hearings on the NTCA, namely BATN, International Tobacco Company and Japan Tobacco International, partially succeeded in replacing strong tobacco control provisions with pro-business provisions.
“Tobacco industry attendees at the public hearings on the NTCA (BATN, International Tobacco Company and Japan Tobacco International) partially succeeded in replacing strong tobacco control provisions with pro-business provisions (online supplementary table S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites online supplementary table S2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Tobacco control advocates were well organised during the legislative process.
“Tobacco control advocates were well organised during the legislative process.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The Nigerian tobacco industry and tobacco control advocates used argument and activity-based approaches to influence the policy-making process, consistent with the Policy Dystopia Model.
“Consistent with the Policy Dystopia Model, the Nigerian tobacco industry and tobacco control advocates used argument and activity-based approaches to influence the policy-making process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
BATN sought the goodwill of farmers and the public by providing gifts to farmers and scholarships to their children and by organising award ceremonies for journalists, in efforts to manipulate the public to view the industry positively.
“BATN also sought the goodwill of farmers and members of the public by providing gifts to farmers (farming implements) and their children (scholarships) and organised award ceremonies for journalists38 in efforts to manipulate the public to view the industry positively.363945”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [39] Isong E . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed.2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Tobacco control advocates established industry monitoring mechanisms to identify industry plans beforehand and counter them before they came to public knowledge.
“Tobacco control advocates established industry monitoring mechanisms to identify industry plans beforehand and counter them before they came to public knowledge.36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
In Nigeria, like in many other countries, the FCTC has not stopped tobacco industry interference in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.
“In Nigeria, like in many other countries, the FCTC has not stopped tobacco industry interference in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
With the passage of the NTCA in 2015, an Alliance representative was appointed to the Multisectoral National Tobacco Control Committee charged with advising and working with the Federal Ministry of Health to implement the law.
“With the passage of the NTCA in 2015, an Alliance representative was appointed to the Multisectoral National Tobacco Control Committee (NATOCC) charged with advising and working with the Federal Ministry of Health to implement the law.17”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos National Tobacco Control Act. The Federal Government Printer, Nigeria 2015 http://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Nigeria/Nigeria%20-%20TCA%20-%20national.pdf (accessed 31 Mar 2016).
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingnone given
Tobacco control advocates acted to check both the government and the industry, especially when dealing with government agencies sympathetic to the industry or which perceived that sections of the tobacco control law were threatening their statutory duties.
“Tobacco control advocates acted to check both the government and the industry, especially when dealing with government agencies sympathetic to the industry or which perceived that sections of the tobacco control law were threatening their statutory duties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
While debates on the National Tobacco Control Bills 2011 and 2013 were ongoing in the National Assembly, legislators told tobacco control advocates that lobbyists and representatives of the tobacco industry were consistently visiting them.
“While debates on the National Tobacco Control Bills 201150 and 20135152 were ongoing in the National Assembly, legislators told tobacco control advocates that lobbyists and representatives of the tobacco industry were consistently visiting them.36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
In Lagos state, civil society groups secured a law prohibiting tobacco smoking in public transportation.
“In Lagos state, for example, civil society groups secured a law prohibiting tobacco smoking in public transportation.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The tobacco industry directly pushed for provisions to make the law more industry friendly.
“The tobacco industry also directly pushed for provisions to make the law more industry friendly.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
During the FCTC negotiations, African countries stood as a block coordinated by South Africa.
“During the FCTC negotiations, African countries stood as a block coordinated by South Africa.30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Lambert P . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
One difference in LMICs is the important role of international tobacco control advocates in supporting national tobacco control advocates.
“One difference in LMIC is the important role of international tobacco control advocates in supporting national tobacco control advocates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In many African countries like South Africa, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Nigeria and Kenya, civil society groups partner with government to achieve progress in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.
“In many African countries like South Africa, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Nigeria and Kenya, civil society groups partner with government to achieve progress in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.61”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] Drope, 2010, The politics of smoke-free policies in developing countries: Lessons from Africa, CVD Prev Control source
- Interpretationnone given
One major reason tobacco control advocacy received a boost in Nigeria and achieved some success in preempting and countering industry influence was the increase in international technical support, training and funding.
“One major reason tobacco control advocacy received a boost in Nigeria and achieved some success in preempting and countering industry influence was the increase in international technical support, training and funding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It is likely that the lessons learnt from Nigeria about the tobacco industry's strategies and how they can be preempted and countered can be applied or adapted for use in other African countries and other parts of the world.
“It is likely that the lessons learnt from Nigeria about the tobacco industry’s strategies and how they can be preempted and countered can be applied or adapted for use in other African countries and other parts of the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The experience of tobacco control advocacy in Nigeria illustrates that the tobacco industry can be blocked if citizens partner with the government, media and the global tobacco control community.
“The experience of tobacco control advocacy in Nigeria illustrates that the tobacco industry can be blocked if citizens partner with the government, media and the global tobacco control community.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
When tobacco industry activities were held in secret, the industry lost their publicity value.
“When held in secret, however, the industry lost their publicity value.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 44
- May combine two claims. 43
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe tobacco industry has had a strong presence in Nigeria.
“This study explores the role of tobacco control advocates and civil society organisations, including international organisations, in working for comprehensive tobacco control legislation in Nigeria, where the tobacco industry has had a strong presence.1820”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [18] Egbe, 2017, Avoiding "A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond": The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria, Nicotine Tob Res source
- cites [20] Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria. Shadow Report on Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Articles 5.3, 6 & 13 in Nigeria http://www.fctc.org/images/stories/reports/Nigeria%20SR.pdf (accessed 17 Jan 2017).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe WHO FCTC establishes evidence-based standards for tobacco control that provide a framework in which tobacco control advocates can play significant roles in securing comprehensive national tobacco control policies.
“WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control1 (FCTC) establishes evidence-based standards for tobacco control that provide a framework in which tobacco control advocates can play significant roles in securing comprehensive national tobacco control policies.2–6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [2] Farquharson, 2003, Influencing Policy Transnationally: Pro‐and Anti‐Tobacco Global Advocacy Networks, Aust J Publ Admin source
- cites [3] source
Section 5.2 (Guidance for LMICs; no page provided) calls the FCTC an international framework for national action and urges advocates to strengthen political and legal systems so stronger tobacco-control laws can be enacted. Section 5.3 recommends advocacy to implement FCTC requirements and guidelines. Our copy does not establish the claim’s more specific characterization of those requirements as “evidence-based standards.” (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [4] World Health Organization. Switzerland WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic: Monitoring Tobacco Use and Prevention Policies. Geneva, 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255874/1/9789241512824-eng.pdf?ua=1. (accessed 20 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] Asare, 2009, Tobacco Regulation in South Africa: Interest Groups and Public Policy, Afr J Polit Sci Int Relat
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Crosbie E , Sosa P , Glantz SA . The Importance of Continued Engagement During the Implementation Phase of Tobacco Control Policies in a Middle-Income Country: The Case of Costa Rica. Tob Control . 2018;26:60–8. source
The Introduction says the FCTC accelerated tobacco-control legislation and that Costa Rican advocates persuaded legislators to enact a comprehensive law implementing it. The Results (Tobacco taxes) also describes FCTC implementation guidelines and protocols. These passages support the framework and advocacy portions, but our copy does not characterize the FCTC’s standards as evidence-based. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe tobacco industry remains a serious threat to public health.
“Notwithstanding the progress in implementing tobacco control regulations globally, the tobacco industry remains a serious threat to public health.11–15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [11] Lee, 2012, The vector of the tobacco epidemic: tobacco industry practices in low and middle-income countries, Cancer Causes Control source
- cites [12] Kalra A , Bansal P , Wilson D , et al . United States Exclusive: Documents Reveal Philip Morris' Campaign to Subvert the World’s Anti-Smoking Treaty. 2017 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pmi-who-fctc-tobacco-exclusive/exclusive-documents-reveal-philip-morris-campaign-to-subvert-the-worlds-anti-smoking-treaty-idUSKBN19Y1DN (accessed September 18, 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] source
- cites [14] Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC: Report by the Convention Secretariat. 2016 http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_7_EN.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 21 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Global Progress in Implementation of the WHO FCTC: Report by the Convention Secretariat. 2016 http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_4_EN.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 21 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe tobacco industry was excluded from formal FCTC negotiations at the global level.
“The tobacco industry was excluded from formal FCTC negotiations at the global level.35”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Gonzalez M , Green LW , Glantz SA . Through Tobacco Industry Eyes: Civil Society and the FCTC Process from Philip Morris and British American Tobacco’s Perspectives. Tob Control 2011:tc. 2010.041657. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBoth the tobacco industry and civil society organisations were able to make submissions on the proposed text of the FCTC at a 2-day public hearing in Geneva in 2000 organised by WHO's Tobacco Free Initiative.
“Both the tobacco industry and civil society organisations were able to make submissions on the proposed text of the FCTC at a 2-day public hearing in Geneva in 2000 organised by WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNigeria is particularly important to the tobacco industry due to its large population of 170 million and its role as a regional trendsetter.
“Nigeria is particularly important to the tobacco industry due to its large population (170 million) and role as a regional trendsetter.18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Egbe, 2017, Avoiding "A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond": The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria, Nicotine Tob Res source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says Nigeria’s growing population and political influence in West Africa and beyond make it an important market for the tobacco industry. The section on anti-regulation strategies (page unavailable) also describes the industry’s concern that restrictions in Nigeria could have a regional ripple effect. Our copy does not give the claimed population figure of 170 million. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWith the return of democracy in the Third Republic in 1999, the Nigerian government sought foreign direct investment to grow the economy, which had suffered under previous military governments.
“With the return of democracy in the Third Republic in 1999, the Nigerian government sought foreign direct investment (FDI) to grow the economy which had suffered under previous military governments.18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Egbe, 2017, Avoiding "A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond": The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria, Nicotine Tob Res source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes military governments in Nigeria through 1998, supporting the sentence’s reference to preceding military rule. It does not say that a democratic government sought foreign direct investment in 1999, or that the economy had suffered under those governments. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAfrica's pre-INB meetings helped its delegates, including Nigerian representatives, create a unified position and form the first regional voting block, providing strong regional support for the FCTC that set an example for other regions to follow.
“Africa’s pre-INB meetings helped its delegates (including Nigerian representatives) create a unified position and form the first regional voting block, providing strong regional support for the FCTC29303336 that set an example for other regions to follow.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [29] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [30] Lambert P . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [33] Huber L . Interview Conducted on June 1, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe Policy Dystopia Model broadly categorises tobacco industry strategies into discursive and instrumental strategies.
“The Policy Dystopia Model22 broadly categorises tobacco industry’s strategies into discursive (argument-based) and instrumental (activity-based) strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Ulucanlar, 2016, The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity, PLoS Med source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCivil society organisations with formal relations with WHO and other organisations participated in the FCTC INB sessions as observers.
“Civil society organisations with formal relations with WHO and other organisations participated in the sessions as observers.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Policy Dystopia Model and the six WHO categories of tobacco industry interference were developed using examples largely from high-income countries.
“The Policy Dystopia Model22 and the six categories of tobacco industry interference identified by WHO23 were developed using examples largely from high-income countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Ulucanlar, 2016, The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity, PLoS Med source
- cites [23] Organzation WH . Geneva, Switzerland Tobacco Industry Interference a Global Brief: WHO, 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70894/1/WHO_NMH_TFI_12.1_eng.pdf. (accessed 21 Jan 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNigeria enacted its National Tobacco Control Act in 2015, 10 years after ratifying the FCTC and after several failed efforts to enact comprehensive tobacco control legislation.
“Nigeria enacted its National Tobacco Control Act17 (NTCA) in 2015, 10 years after ratifying the FCTC and after several failed efforts to enact comprehensive tobacco control legislation.18,19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [18] Egbe, 2017, Avoiding "A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond": The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria, Nicotine Tob Res source
The Abstract and Discussion state that Nigeria ratified the FCTC in 2005 and enacted the NTCA in 2015. The Results describe a bill defeated in 1982, and the Discussion describes an unsuccessful attempt to review Decree 20 in 1995. They do not establish several failed efforts to enact comprehensive legislation; the Discussion says it found no evidence of other attempts to replace Decree 20 with a stronger law. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationNigerian tobacco control advocates succeeded in securing the passage of the NTCA 2015, which is more comprehensive than the previous tobacco law, Decree 20 of 1990, through engagement with politicians and the media and by recruiting prominent Nigerians to campaign for a strong tobacco law.
“Nigerian tobacco control advocates succeeded in securing the passage of the NCTA 2015 which is more comprehensive than the previous tobacco law, Decree 20 of 199019 through engagement with politicians and the media, as well as recruiting prominent Nigerians to campaign for a strong tobacco law.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe tobacco industry succeeded in weakening the bill, with the resulting law falling short of effective FCTC implementation.
“However, the tobacco industry succeeded in weakening the bill, with the resulting law falling short of effective FCTC implementation.19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe tobacco industry uses CSR for image laundering, to gain political capital and to stymie regulatory processes.
“The tobacco industry uses CSR for image laundering, to gain political capital and to stymie regulatory processes.41–43”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [41] Bossle, 2015, Contradictory perceptions on corporate social responsibility practices in the Brazilian tobacco industry, Latin American J. of Management for Sustainable Development source
- cites [42] World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland Tobacco Industry Interference with Tobacco Control. World Health Organization 2008 www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/9789241597340.pdf (accessed 4 Mar 2016).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [43] McDaniel, 2018, African media coverage of tobacco industry corporate social responsibility initiatives, Glob Public Health source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe Nigerian experience confirms the importance of engaging celebrities, prominent citizens and the public to promote tobacco control, increase awareness about the law and support its implementation.
“The Nigerian experience also confirms the importance of engaging celebrities, prominent citizens and the public to promote tobacco control, increase awareness about the law and support its implementation.19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Egbe CO , Bialous SA , Glantz S . FCTC Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2018:1–9.doi:10.1093/ntr/nty069 source
The Implementation section reports that Nigeria recruited celebrities as antitobacco ambassadors for a campaign to raise awareness of the law, and the Discussion says public awareness is needed for successful implementation. But the paper does not establish the importance of engaging prominent citizens or the public as campaign participants; it also says the celebrity campaign’s effectiveness had not been evaluated. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationcitationThere is a need to restrategise tobacco control efforts around the world.
“and as of May 2018 were still being used successfully in other countries, suggesting a need to restrategise tobacco control efforts around the world.62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] 2015, What will it take to create a tobacco-free world?, Lancet source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn 2017, Philip Morris International funded the Foundation for a smoke-free world, another CSR effort.
“including new developments such as the 2017 funding by Philip Morris International of the Foundation for a smoke-free world, another CSR effort.66–69”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [66] Boseley S . United Kingdom Tobacco Company Launches Foundation to Stub out Smoking. Guardian News and Media Limited 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/13/tobacco-company-launches-foundation-to-stub-out-smoking-philip-morris (accessed 13 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [67] Foundation of a Smoke-Free World. About Us. 2017. https://www.smokefreeworld.org/aboutus (accessed 29 Nov 2017)
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [68] source
- cites [69] World Health Organization. WHO Statement on Philip Morris Funded Foundation for a Smoke-Free World. 2017 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2017/philip-morris-foundation/en/ (accessed 30 Sep 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe tobacco control champions included a professor, Yemi Osibanjo, who became Nigeria's Vice President in May 2015; a former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Alhaji Aliu Moddibo; the wife of a former Chief Justice of Nigeria, Mariam Uwais; some members of the National Assembly; and celebrities from Nigeria's music and movie industry, including Stella Damascus, Fela Durotoye and Timi Dakò
“These champions included a professor (Yemi Osibanjo) who became Nigeria’s Vice Ppresident in May 2015, a former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (Alhaji Aliu Moddibo), the wife of a former Chief Justice of Nigeria (Mariam Uwais), some members of the National Assembly, celebrities from Nigeria’s music and movie industry (Nollywood), including Stella Damascus, Fela Durotoye and Timi Dakolo”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
FindingcitationTobacco control advocates argued that the Federal Government of Nigeria needed to implement a comprehensive tobacco law consistent with the international standards in the FCTC and to save lives.
“Tobacco control advocates argued that the Federal Government of Nigeria needed to implement a comprehensive tobacco law consistent with the international standards in the FCTC and to save lives.363839”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [39] Isong E . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed.2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationInformation on the BATN website obtained by tobacco control advocates showed BATN had only about 1000 employees, inconsistent with BATN's employment claim.
“This claim was inconsistent with information on the BATN website obtained by tobacco control advocates, which showed BATN had only about 1000 employees.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationBATN claimed that it employed thousands of people.
“BATN claimed that it employed thousands of people.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone givenTobacco control advocates in Nigeria achieved some success in countering tobacco industry interference to implement the FCTC.
“Tobacco control advocates in Nigeria achieved some success in countering tobacco industry interference to implement the FCTC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationGrassroots mobilisation included public awareness campaigns, including social media campaigns using Paradigm Initiative of Nigeria, and enlisting the support of prominent Nigerians called tobacco control cause champions.
“Other grassroots mobilisation activities included public awareness campaigns (including social media campaigns using the agency Paradigm Initiative of Nigeria39) and enlisting the support of prominent Nigerians (politicians and celebrities) who advocates called ‘tobacco control cause champions’.3639”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [39] Isong E . Interview Conducted on June 2, Egbe CO , ed.2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataTobacco control advocates preempted and countered the tobacco industry through traditional and social media, monitoring and exposing tobacco industry activities, and by actively engaging lawmakers and citizens during the legislative process.
“Advocates preempted and countered the industry through traditional and social media, monitoring and exposing tobacco industry activities, and by actively engaging lawmakers and citizens during the legislative process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe tobacco industry sought to make itself look like an indispensable collaborator in national development through CSR programmes, while tobacco control advocates sought to expose the business motive behind these CSR strategies.
“For example, the tobacco industry sought to make itself look like indispensable collaborators in national development through their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes; tobacco control advocates sought to expose the business motive behind these CSR strategies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe tobacco industry exploited legislative procedures and used front groups and third parties to push for pro-industry changes.
“They exploited legislative procedures, used front groups and third parties to push for pro-industry changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationTobacco control advocates in Africa were rarely dedicated solely to tobacco control efforts, and progress on tobacco control advocacy as a region has not been as fast as would be expected if a cadre of full-time advocates existed.
“Tobacco control advocates in Africa were rarely dedicated to solely tobacco control efforts28 and progress on tobacco control advocacy as a region has not been as fast as would be expected if a cadre of full-time advocates existed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Chapman, 1994, All Africa conference on tobacco control, BMJ source
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationTobacco control advocates used BATN website information to counter BATN's employment claim, and BATN subsequently removed employment figures from its website.
“Tobacco control advocates used the information on BATN’s website to counter their claim; BATN subsequently removed information about their employment figures from its website.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationTobacco control advocates responded that there was no provision in the new law that would shut down foreign-owned companies.
“Tobacco control advocates responded that there was no provision in the new law that would shut down foreign-owned companies.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe African Liberty Organization for Development protested at the National Assembly during a public hearing on the tobacco bill and asked legislators to pass a balanced policy that would not only favour the majority, non-smokers.
“For example, an organisation named African Liberty Organization for Development protested at the National Assembly during a public hearing on the tobacco bill and, among other things, asked legislators to pass a ‘balanced policy’ which would not only favour the majority (ie, non-smokers).40”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Protesters at the Nigerian National Assembly During the Public Hearing on the Tobacco Bill. Audioage.com 2014 http://www.audioage.com/2014/10/17/batn-at-the-senates-public-hearing-on-the-tobacco-control-bill-in-abuja/pix-2-2/ (accessed 2 Mar 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn 2005, Nigeria ratified the FCTC, the same year it entered into force, despite the tobacco industry's financial and organisational strength used to stall the process.
“In 2005, Nigeria ratified the FCTC, the same year it entered into force, despite the tobacco industry’s financial and organisational strength used to stall the process.3637”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [37] Akinremi A . Interview Conducted on June 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe National Tobacco Control Alliance presented at public hearings, monitored tobacco industry activities, and built the capacity of journalists to report more accurately on tobacco control issues.
“The Alliance presented at public hearings, monitored tobacco industry activities and built capacity of journalists to report more accurately on tobacco control issues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationDuring the legislative process for Nigeria's tobacco control bills, BATN argued that a new tobacco control law would lead to the shutdown of foreign-owned companies and reduce FDI in Nigeria.
“During the legislative process for Nigeria’s tobacco control bills, BATN argued that a new tobacco control law would lead to the shutdown of foreign-owned companies and reduce FDI in Nigeria.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe Nigerian tobacco industry, dominated by British American Tobacco Nigeria, argued that it was already self-regulating, making new laws unnecessary.
“The Nigerian tobacco industry (dominated by British American Tobacco Nigeria, BATN) argued that they were already ‘self-regulating’, making new laws unnecessary.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe tobacco industry argued for self-regulation and the economic importance of tobacco.
“The industry argued self-regulation and the economic importance of tobacco.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThese arguments were presented through the media and at legislative public hearings on the FCTC implementation bill.
“These arguments were presented through the media and at legislative public hearings on the FCTC implementation bill.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
FindingcitationKey informants reported that the tobacco industry may have been working quietly to destabilise civil society groups through bills to regulate non-governmental organisations and may have promoted two weaker tobacco control bills in both houses of the National Assembly between 2011 and 2013.
“Key informants reported that the industry may also have been working quietly to destabilise civil society groups through the introduction of bills to regulate the activities of non-governmental organisations and may have promoted two weaker tobacco control bills in both houses of the National Assembly between 2011 and 2013.36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe tobacco industry lobbied government officials and got prominent politicians to speak in support of tobacco.
“Lobbying government officials5455 and getting prominent politicians to speak in support of tobacco.56”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [54] Connett D . British American Tobacco ’Bribed' Kenyan Politician Martha Karua to Stop Action against Cigarette Smuggling. 2015 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britishamericantobaccobribedkenyanpoliticianmarthakaruatostopactionagainstcigarettea6779236.html (accessed 18 Dec 2015).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [55] Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, International Institute for Legislative Affairs Kenya. Tobacco Industry Interference in Kenya: Exposing the Tactics. 2013 http://ilakenya.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ti_interference_in_Kenya.pdf (accessed 4Jan 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [56] Ailuorio PJ . News Agency of Nigeria. Nigeria Anti-Tobacco Bill Passes Second Reading at Nigeria’s House of Reps. 2013 http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/126281-anti-tobacco-bill-passes-second-reading-at-nigerias-house-of-reps.html (accessed 21 Mar 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe efforts of civil society groups were enhanced by the formation of the Nigeria Tobacco Control Alliance in 2005, an umbrella organisation dedicated to tobacco control that became the face of tobacco control in Nigeria.
“The efforts of the civil society groups were enhanced by the formation of the Nigeria Tobacco Control Alliance (Alliance) in 2005, an umbrella organisation specifically dedicated to tobacco control that became the face of tobacco control in Nigeria.37”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Akinremi A . Interview Conducted on June 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
FindingcitationAlthough according to one key informant the Lagos experiment was not very successful, civil society groups believed this approach opened a door previously thought closed in tobacco control in Nigeria.
“Although, according to one key informant, the Lagos experiment was not very successful, civil society groups believed this approach opened a door that was previously thought to be closed in tobacco control in Nigeria.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningDespite being signed into law in May 2015, the implementing regulations of the NTCA were yet to be approved by the National Assembly as of May 2018, effectively blocking full implementation.
“Despite being signed into law in May 2015, the implementing regulations of the law were yet to be approved by the National Assembly as of May 2018, effectively blocking full implementation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationAdvocates stopped many industry activities before they were executed but could not determine whether the industry abandoned these activities or later carried them out secretly to prevent public criticism.
“Advocates stopped many industry activities before they were executed but could not determine whether the industry abandoned these activities or later carried them out secretly to prevent public criticism.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationBATN donated to non-governmental organisations owned by politicians, especially those directly involved in the tobacco policy-making process, and created a Political Liaison Office to cater for the welfare of politicians.
“BATN donated to non-governmental organisations owned by politicians, especially those directly involved in the tobacco policy-making process and created a ‘Political Liaison Office’ to cater for the welfare of politicians.36”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe Alliance's formation was important to consolidate tobacco control efforts because many civil society groups had been working in isolation and were also involved in non-tobacco control-related causes.
“The Alliance’s formation was important to consolidate efforts on tobacco control as many of the civil society groups had been working in isolation, and were also involved in non-tobacco control-related causes such as climate change, refugee care, environmental pollution and gender-related causes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationBATN trained the Nigeria Police Force in Lagos state on enforcement of the statewide tobacco control legislation and donated vehicles to the Nigeria Customs Service.
“Examples included BATN training the Nigeria Police Force in Lagos state on enforcement of the statewide tobacco control legislation and donating vehicles to the Nigeria Customs Service.3644”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [44] Ezeamalu B . Nigeria Civil Society Groups Commend Governor Fashola for Signing Tobacco Bill. 2014 http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/155428-civil-society-groups-commend-governor-fashola-signing-tobacco-bill.html (accessed 19 Feb 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenAs of May 2018, the authors are unaware of any plans to evaluate the effects of the state-level tobacco control laws on overall FCTC national indicators.
“As of May 2018, however, the authors are unaware of any plans to evaluate the effects of these state laws on overall FCTC national indicators.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenDespite enacting a more comprehensive law, the Nigerian government has not allocated local resources to engage in capacity building and to enrol more citizens and organisations in tobacco control advocacy efforts.
“Despite enacting a more comprehensive law, the Nigerian government has not allocated local resources to engage in capacity building and to enrol more citizens and organisations in tobacco control advocacy efforts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenWhen there were conflicts in the interpretation of the data, independent sources such as newspaper articles and legislative documents were sought to resolve them.
“When there were conflicts in the interpretation of the data, independent sources (newspaper articles and legislative documents) were sought to resolve them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe study triangulated interviews with key informants, documentation of the legislative process, and Nigerian newspaper articles.
“We triangulated interviews with key informants from local and international organisations who worked in Nigeria with documentation of the legislative process and Nigerian newspaper articles.”
- Also stated in: § METHODS · plain
“The interviews, news articles and written materials were triangulated to prepare this analysis of the development and passage of Nigeria’s law implementing the FCTC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § METHODS · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn contrast to the overall global reduction in smoking prevalence, smoking is increasing in WHO African and Eastern Mediterranean regions.
“In contrast to the overall global reduction in smoking prevalence, smoking is increasing in WHO African and Eastern Mediterranean regions.21”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] U.S. National Cancer Institute and World Health Organization. The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control. National Cancer Institute Tobacco Control Monograph 21. Nih Publication No. 16-Ca-8029a. Bethesda, MD: U.S: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute; and Geneva, CH: World Health Organization, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe first of six FCTC Intergovernmental Negotiating Body sessions was in October 2000.
“The first of six FCTC Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) sessions was in October 200034 where WHO member states, regional economic integration organisations and observers started the development of the FCTC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] World Health Organization. Intersessional Consultations. 2017 http://www.who.int/fctc/about/whofctc_inb/consultations/en/ (accessed 20 Nov 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationWHO member states, regional economic integration organisations and observers started the development of the FCTC.
“WHO member states, regional economic integration organisations and observers started the development of the FCTC.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] World Health Organization. Intersessional Consultations. 2017 http://www.who.int/fctc/about/whofctc_inb/consultations/en/ (accessed 20 Nov 2017).
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe second and third authors independently verified the results of the analysis.
“The second and third authors independently verified results of the analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBoth the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories can be used to understand industry tactics and to design and implement strategies to support FCTC-compliant legislation and counter industry interference, especially in LMICs.
“This analysis reveals that both frameworks can be used to understand industry tactics, and to design and implement strategies to support FCTC-compliant legislation and counter industry interference especially in LMIC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of tobacco industry interference, developed largely from high-income country examples, are applicable to and adequate for analysing tobacco control debates and industry strategies in Nigeria and other LMICs.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningPartnership between international and national tobacco control advocates is important in pushing for FCTC-compliant legislation and countering industry activities in LMICs.
“This partnership is important in pushing for FCTC-compliant legislation and countering industry activities in LMIC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenAttempts to contact government officials and legislators directly involved in the legislative process were unsuccessful; none responded to the request for participation.
“We attempted to contact government officials and legislators directly involved in the legislative process but none responded to our request for participation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The absence of government officials and legislators from the interviews does not materially bias the findings.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenNigeria ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005.
“Nigeria ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference presented challenges relating to the categorisation of argument and activity-based strategies and within WHO strategies of interference due to blurred differentiating lines between some strategies.
“While the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference provided good frameworks for analysis of tobacco control activities in Nigeria, these models presented challenges relating to the categorisation of argument and activity-based strategies and within WHO strategies of interference due to blurred differentiating lines between some strategies, for example, ‘manipulating public”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe Policy Dystopia Model can be used in LMIC to map and perhaps predict the tobacco industry's tactics, allowing health advocates to develop strategies to preempt and counter tobacco industry interference.
“This finding suggests that the model can be used in LMIC to map and perhaps predict the tobacco industry’s tactics, allowing health advocates to develop strategies to preempt and counter tobacco industry interference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThis partnership between civil society groups and government mirrors international partnerships formed between health bodies like WHO and civil society groups including the FCA during FCTC negotiations.
“This partnership mirrors international partnerships formed between health bodies like WHO and civil society groups including the FCA during FCTC negotiations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenMany of the advocates who previously worked for tobacco control in Nigeria have retired or are no longer engaged in tobacco control.
“Many of the advocates who previously worked for tobacco control in Nigeria have retired or are no longer engaged in tobacco control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningThese advocates could not be reached to provide information about early tobacco control advocacy activities in Nigeria.
“These advocates could not be reached to provide information about early tobacco control advocacy activities in Nigeria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationNTCA 2015 stipulates that members of NATOCC not be affiliated with the tobacco industry and requires transparency of interactions between government and the industry.
“NTCA 2015 stipulates that members of NATOCC not be affiliated with the tobacco industry and requires transparency of interactions between government and the industry.17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos National Tobacco Control Act. The Federal Government Printer, Nigeria 2015 http://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Nigeria/Nigeria%20-%20TCA%20-%20national.pdf (accessed 31 Mar 2016).
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAttempts to reach government officials from the National Assembly and the Federal Ministry of Health for interviews were unsuccessful, making it impossible to verify some claims by the key informants.
“Attempts to reach government officials from the National Assembly and the Federal Ministry of Health for interviews were unsuccessful, making it impossible to verify some claims by the key informants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationcitationKnowledge of the Policy Dystopia Model can guide governments and tobacco control advocates in designing effective measures like media campaigns targeting specific arguments and actions of the tobacco industry to protect tobacco policy from the industry.
“This knowledge can also guide governments and tobacco control advocates in designing effective measures like media campaigns targeting specific arguments and actions of the tobacco industry to protect tobacco policy from the industry.57”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] World Health Organization. Switzerland WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Guidelines for Implementation World Health Organization. Geneva, 2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/80510/1/9789241505185_eng.pdf?ua=1. (accessed 15 Sep 2016).
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe NTCA provision requiring National Assembly approval of regulatory guidelines gives the tobacco industry another opportunity to delay or further weaken the NTCA, but also provides tobacco control advocates an opportunity to strengthen it.
“While this provision gives the tobacco industry another opportunity to delay or further weaken the NTCA, it also provides tobacco control advocates an opportunity to strengthen it.36384553”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [36] Oluwafemi A . Interview Conducted on September 8, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [38] Japkor P . Interview Conducted on December 23, Egbe CO , ed. 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [45] Ochefu H . Interview Conducted on January 19, Egbe CO , ed. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenNewspaper reports were used to triangulate the data collected from interviews as much as possible.
“As much as it was possible, newspaper reports were used to triangulate the data collected from interviews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference provided good frameworks for analysis of tobacco control activities in Nigeria.
“While the Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of industry interference provided good frameworks for analysis of tobacco control activities in Nigeria, these models presented challenges relating to the categorisation of argument and activity-based strategies and within WHO strategies of interference due to blurred differentiating lines between some strategies, for example, ‘manipulating public”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIncreased funding and better awareness of industry tactics at the grassroots will help consolidate the gains advocates have made at the national level and contribute towards effective implementation of the law.
“Increased funding and better awareness of industry tactics at the grassroots will help consolidate the gains advocates have made at the national level and contribute towards effective implementation of the law.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningConsistent with the Policy Dystopia Model, establishing a framework for ongoing industry monitoring keeps the tobacco control community informed of tobacco industry activities.
“Consistent with the Policy Dystopia Model, establishing a framework for ongoing industry monitoring keeps the tobacco control community informed of tobacco industry activities and would likely be one of the best ways to counter industry interference in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenOther limitations include the possibility of recall bias, giving socially desirable answers and misrepresentations by interviewees.
“Other limitations include the possibility of, recall bias, giving socially desirable answers and misrepresentations by interviewees.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningThe triangulation of interview data with those of newspaper reports and legislative documents helped to address these possible limitations.
“The triangulation of interview data with those of newspaper reports and legislative documents helped to address these possible limitations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningEstablishing a framework for ongoing industry monitoring would likely be one of the best ways to counter industry interference in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.
“Consistent with the Policy Dystopia Model, establishing a framework for ongoing industry monitoring keeps the tobacco control community informed of tobacco industry activities and would likely be one of the best ways to counter industry interference in tobacco policy formulation and implementation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningInterviews were conducted over a span of 3 years (2015-2017) in order to reach as many key informants as possible to participate in this study.
“Interviews were conducted over a span of 3 years (2015–2017) in order to reach as many key informants as possible to participate in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The Policy Dystopia Model and WHO categories of tobacco industry interference, developed largely from high-income country examples, are applicable to and adequate for analysing tobacco control debates and industry strategies in Nigeria and other LMICs.
“The Policy Dystopia Model22 and the six categories of tobacco industry interference identified by WHO23 were developed using examples largely from high-income countries. We used these frameworks to assess the tobacco industry’s strategies to oppose tobacco control and strategies used by tobacco control advocates to push for FCTC-compliant legislation in Nigeria.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 12 key informants and the retrieved documents provide a sufficient and representative account of the tobacco control legislative process and stakeholder strategies in Nigeria.
“We interviewed 12 key informants between December 2015 and June 2017 from five local and international organisations involved in tobacco control advocacy in Nigeria (online supplementary table S1) using the interview guide in the online supplementary file.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of government officials and legislators from the interviews does not materially bias the findings.
“We attempted to contact government officials and legislators directly involved in the legislative process but none responded to our request for participation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Few articles focus on countering interference and the role of advocates in this.
“Few articles16–19 focus on countering interference and the role of advocates in this.”
From Needs of LMIC-based tobacco control advocates to counter tobacco industry policy interference: insights from semi-structured interviews (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
The activities advocates engage in to counter tobacco industry interference are aligned with those outlined in the literature on countering tobacco industry interference in LMICs, HICs and supranational settings, and directly address some of the main tobacco industry interference tactics, most notably producing and disseminating information, seeking direct access to policymakers and using front g
“The activities are aligned with those outlined in the literature on countering TII in LMICs,16–19 27–30 HICs31 32 and supranational settings,33 and directly addressing some of the main TII tactics, most notably, producing and disseminating information, seeking direct access to policymakers and using front groups and third parties.9 13–15 34”
From Needs of LMIC-based tobacco control advocates to counter tobacco industry policy interference: insights from semi-structured interviews (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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What will it take to create a tobacco-free world?
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Bossle, M. B., Neutzling, D. M., Wegner, D., Trevisan, M., Knorst, M., & Nascimento, L. F. M. D. (2015) · Latin American J. of Management for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1504/lajmsd.2015.073060 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC: Report by the Convention Secretariat. 2016 http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_7_EN.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 21 Sep 2017).
- Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Global Progress in Implementation of the WHO FCTC: Report by the Convention Secretariat. 2016 http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_4_EN.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 21 Sep 2017).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Matthes, B. K., Robertson, L., & Gilmore, A. B. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044710 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Egbe, C. O., Bialous, S. A., & Glantz, S.
- Affiliations
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glantz, Stanton
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-07-25
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 386-393
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3318
- PMC
- PMC6347549
- OpenAlex
- W2883497398
- Semantic Scholar
- e616e1143a4017ce61e5dab92a6a23a29fd40b49
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Public Health Policies and Education
- Keywords
- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, tobacco industry interference, tobacco control advocacy, Nigeria, front groups, tobacco industry lobbying, legislative process, low- and middle-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Stakeholder Participation, Smoking Prevention, Consumer Advocacy, Developing Countries, Humans, Income, Newspapers as Topic, Nigeria, Public Policy, Tobacco Industry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-30.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-30.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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