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Maternal Supplemental and Dietary Zinc Intake and the Occurrence of Neural Tube Defects in California
Abstract
The authors investigated the association between maternal preconceptional supplemental and dietary zinc intake and risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in a population-based case-control study conducted between 1989 and 1991 in California. Cases were 430 NTD-affected fetuses/infants, and controls were 429 randomly selected non-malformed infants. Mothers reported their preconceptional use of vitamin, mineral, and food supplements, and completed a 98-item food frequency questionnaire. Increased total preconceptional zinc intake was associated with a reduced risk for NTDs (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43, 0.99). Phytate intake, a constituent of the diet known to impede zinc absorption, appeared to modify the zinc - NTD association. In addition, increased servings of animal products, the most bioavailable food source of zinc, was associated with a reduced risk for NTDs (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.32, 0.76). Risk estimates for zinc intake were changed little after controlling for multiple sociodemographic factors and total folate intake, but were attenuated after controlling for nutrients highly correlated with dietary sources of zinc, such as protein. In sum, the analyses indicate that risk of NTDs in infants and fetuses decreased with increasing maternal preconceptional zinc intake. However, it remains unclear whether increased zinc intake, or another nutrient or combination of nutrients highly correlated with zinc intake in the diet, is causally associated with reduced NTD risk.
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“Deficiencies in maternal zinc during pregnancy can be harmful to fetal development having been identified as causal in neural tube defects and as possibly contributing to ASD risk [168, 169].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [168]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Velie, E. M., Block, G., Shaw, G. M., Samuels, S. J., Schaffer, D. M., & Kulldorff, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-09-15
- Volume
- 150
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 605-616
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2122678034
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Dysraphism and Malformations
- Keywords
- neural tube defects, dietary zinc, phytic acid, zinc absorption, animal products, folic acid, prenatal nutrition, birth defects risk
- MeSH terms
- California, Diet, Ethnicity, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Neural Tube Defects, Pregnancy, Vitamins, Zinc, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Body Mass Index, Chi-Square Distribution, Likelihood Functions, Case-Control Studies, Preconception Care, Dietary Supplements
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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