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Cited by 341Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyAdvanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods and Inference

Control Sampling Strategies for Case-Crossover Studies: An Assessment of Relative Efficiency

Mittleman, Murray A., Maclure, Malcolm, Robins, James M.·1995·American Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117550
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Abstract

The case-crossover study design is a method to assess the effect of transient exposures on the risk of onset of acute events. Control information for each case is based on his/her past exposure experience, and a self-matched analysis is conducted. Empiric evaluation of five approaches to the analysis of case-crossover data from a study of heavy physical exertion and acute myocardial infarction onset is shown. The data presented are from the Onset Study, a case-crossover study of the determinants of myocardial infarction onset conducted in 45 centers from August 1989 to October 1992. In model 1, exactly one control period (matched on clock-time) was sampled per case. In models 2-4, up to 25 control periods were sampled, and the effect of clock-time on the baseline hazard of infarction was modeled. In model 5, a census of the person-time experienced by each subject over the year preceding the infarction was sampled. The 95% confidence interval for model 1 was 2.7 times wider, and the relative efficiency, defined as v infinity/vM, where vM represents the asymptotic variance estimate of the estimated log relative risk with M control periods sampled per case, was only about 14% of model 5. In models 2-4, the efficiency increased with the number of control periods, regardless of the modeling assumptions. Even with many control periods sampled, models 2-4 achieved only half the efficiency of model 5. The control sampling strategy in any given case-crossover study should be selected with the trade-offs between precision and potential biases of the estimates in mind.

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  • Self-matching in a case-crossover design eliminates confounding by risk factors that are constant within individuals over the sampling period but often differ between study subjects.

    “Because control information for each subject is based on his or her own past exposure experience, self-matching eliminates confounding by risk factors that are constant within individuals over the sampling period but often differ between study subjects.”

    From Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: The Stroke Onset Study (2010) · cites this paper as [12]

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Authors
Mittleman, M. A., Maclure, M., & Robins, J. M.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Mittleman, Murray A.
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1995-07-01
Volume
142
Issue
1
Pages
91-98
ISSN
  • 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-6256
DOI
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117550
OpenAlex
W2151672696
Cited by
340
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
FWCI
10.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL41016, R01HL041016)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
Keywords
case-crossover design, relative efficiency, acute myocardial infarction, transient exposure, asymptotic variance
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, Models, Statistical, Exercise, Bias, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Over Studies

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