Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional survey
Abstract
Background Depression is the third leading contributor to the worldwide burden of disease. We assessed the nature and severity of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by adults with major depressive disorder worldwide. Moreover, we investigated whether experienced discrimination is related to clinical history, provision of health care, and disclosure of diagnosis and whether anticipated discrimination is associated with disclosure and previous experiences of discrimination.Methods In a cross-sectional survey, people with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder were interviewed in 39 sites (35 countries) worldwide with the discrimination and stigma scale (version 12; DISC-12). Other inclusion criteria were ability to understand and speak the main local language and age 18 years or older. The DISC-12 subscores assessed were reported discrimination and anticipated discrimination. Multivariable regression was used to analyse the data.Findings 1082 people with depression completed the DISC-12. Of these, 855 (79%) reported experiencing discrimination in at least one life domain. 405 (37%) participants had stopped themselves from initiating a close personal relationship, 271 (25%) from applying for work, and 218 (20%) from applying for education or training. We noted that higher levels of experienced discrimination were associated with several lifetime depressive episodes (negative binomial regression coefficient 0·20 [95% CI 0·09-0·32], p=0·001); at least one lifetime psychiatric hospital admission (0·29 [0·15-0·42], p=0·001); poorer levels of social functioning (widowed, separated, or divorced 0·10 [0·01-0·19], p=0·032; unpaid employed 0·34 [0·09-0·60], p=0·007; looking for a job 0·26 [0·09-0·43], p=0·002; and unemployed 0·22 [0·03-0·41], p=0·022). Experienced discrimination was also associated with lower willingness to disclose a diagnosis of depression (mean discrimination score 4·18 [SD 3·68] for concealing depression vs 2·25 [2·65] for disclosing depression; p<0·0001). Anticipated discrimination is not necessarily associated with experienced discrimination because 147 (47%) of 316 participants who anticipated discrimination in finding or keeping a job and 160 (45%) of 353 in their intimate relationships had not experienced discrimination.Interpretation Discrimination related to depression acts as a barrier to social participation and successful vocational integration. Non-disclosure of depression is itself a further barrier to seeking help and to receiving effective treatment. This finding suggests that new and sustained approaches are needed to prevent stigmatisation of people with depression and reduce the effects of stigma when it is already established.Funding European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers, Public Health Executive Agency.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Anticipation of discrimination, such as fear of being discredited by police, withdrawing from education, or being avoided by family and friends, accounts for substantial negative effects.
“The anticipation of discrimination, such as the fear of being discredited by police, having to withdraw from educational activities, or being avoided by family, friends, neighbours, also accounts for substantial negative effects.42,79”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
Cites
How stigma interferes with mental health care.
Corrigan, P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.7.614 · Cited by 3,648 · see citing works
Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness.
(2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,786 · see citing works
Treatment gap in mental health care.
Abramowitz, M. Z., Greenberg, D., & Levav, I. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Long, J. S., Medina, T. R., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121743 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Rahav, M., Phelan, J. C., & Nuttbrock, L. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955424 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Rose, D. S., Sartorius, N., & Leese, M. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61817-6 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Self-citationAngermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices
CORRIGAN, P. W., LARSON, J. E., & RÜSCH, N. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
Mental health consumers' experience of stigma.
Wahl, O. F. (1999) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033394 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions
Barney, L. J., Griffiths, K. M., Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01741.x · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination?
Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., Kassam, A., & Sartorius, N. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025791 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural Levels of Mental Illness Stigma and Discrimination
Corrigan, P. W., Markowitz, F. E., & Watson, A. C. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Depression, Stigma, and Suicidal Ideation in Medical Students
Schwenk, T. L., Davis, L., & Wimsatt, L. A. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1300 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Labeling Mental Illness: The Effects of Received Services and Perceived Stigma on Life Satisfaction
Rosenfield, S. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657432 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
PERLICK, D. A., Rosenheck, R. A., Clarkin, J. F., Sirey, J. A., Salahi, J. T., Struening, E. L., & Link, B. G. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.12.1627 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Predictors of depression stigma
Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., & Jorm, A. F. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-25 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Brohan, E., Henderson, C., Wheat, K., Malcolm, E., Clement, S., Barley, E. A., Slade, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-11 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationDesire for Social Distance from People with Mental Disorders
Jorm, A. F., & Oh, E. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802653349 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Brohan, E., Gauci, D., Sartorius, N., & Thornicroft, G. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.001 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationKnowledge and Attitudes as Predictors of Intentions to Seek Help for and Disclose a Mental Illness
Rüsch, N., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Henderson, C., Flach, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.62.6.pss6206_0675 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived stigma among individuals with common mental disorders
Alonso, J., Burón, A., Rojas‐Farreras, S., de Graaf, R., Haro, J. M., de Girolamo, G., Bruffaerts, R., Kovess–Masféty, V., Matschinger, H., & Vilagut, G. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.006 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Development and psychometric evaluation of the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC)
Brohan, E., Clement, S., Rose, D., Sartorius, N., Slade, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.007 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationRüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Powell, K. J., Rajah, A., Olschewski, M., WILKNISS, S. M., & Batia, K. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.005 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Stigma of Mental Illness: Patients’ Anticipations and Experiences
Angermeyer, M. C., Beck, M., Dietrich, S., & Holzinger, A. (2004) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764004043115 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Wells, J. E., Robins, L. N., Bushnell, J., Jarosz, D. A., & Oakley‐Browne, M. (1994) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00802012 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Addressing stigma of depression in Latino primary care patients.
Vega, W., Rodríguez, M. A., & Ang, A. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.10.008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Stigmatization and Self-Esteem of Persons in Recovery From Mental Illness: the Role of Peer Support
Verhaeghe, M., Bracke, P., & Bruynooghe, K. (2008) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008090422 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Exploring the perspectives of people whose lives have been affected by depression
McNair, B. G., Highet, N. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2002) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04507.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Aromaa, E., Tolvanen, A., Tuulari, J., & Wahlbeck, K. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-52 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationStigma and self-esteem in manic depression: an exploratory study
Hayward, P., Wong, G., Bright, J. A., & Lam, D. H. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00380-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Henderson, C., Corker, E., Lewis-Holmes, E., Hamilton, S., Flach, C., Rose, D. S., Williams, P. R., Pinfold, V., & Thornicroft, G. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100422 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationReported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Rose, D. S., Willis, R. F., Brohan, E., Sartorius, N., Villares, C. C., Wahlbeck, K., & Thornicroft, G. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796011000254 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationStigma and functioning in patients with bipolar disorder
Vázquez, G. H., Kapczinski, F. P., Magalhães, P. V. D. S., Córdoba, R., López‐Jaramillo, C., Rosa, A. R., de Carmona, M. S., & Tohen, M. F. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia
Üçok, A., Brohan, E., Rose, D. S., Sartorius, N., Leese, M., Yoon, C., Plooy, A., Ertekin, B. A., Milev, R. V., Thornicroft, G., et al. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01772.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationWerner, P., Stein-Shvachman, I., & Heinik, J. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209990470 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Does stigma predict a belief in dealing with depression alone?
Griffiths, K. M., Crisp, D. A., Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. M. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.012 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Scientific Contributions of Paul D. MacLean (1913–2007)
Newman, J. D., & Harris, J. C. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31818ec5d9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lundberg, B., Hansson, L. I., Wentz, E., & Björkman, T. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0160-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Comparing the stigma of mental illness in a general hospital with a state mental hospital
Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, T. P., & Kua, E. H. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0932-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Economou, M. P., Peppou, L. Ε., Geroulanou, K. C., Louki, E., Tsaliagkou, I., Kolostoumpis, D., & Stefanis, C. N. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00669.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Services and Stigma on Quality of Life for Persons With Serious Mental Illnesses
Marcussen, K., Ritter, C., & Munetz, M. R. (2010) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.5.489 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Little, K. E., Henderson, C., Brohan, E., & Thornicroft, G. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579601100014x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat to do about depression? Help-seeking and treatment recommendations of the public
Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796011000266 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Further development and psychometric validation of the discrimination and stigma scale (DISC-12)
Brohan, E., Slade, M., Clement, S., et al. (2011) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277768 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination
Thornicroft, G., Mehta, N., Clement, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Doherty, M., Rose, D., Koschorke, M., Shidhaye, R., O'Reilly, C., & Henderson, C. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00298-6 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Self-citationUndertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries
Thornicroft, G., Chatterji, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L., Borges, G., et al. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.188078 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Self-citationUses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery-oriented practices in mental health systems
Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., Perkins, R., Shepherd, G., Tse, S., & Whitley, R. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20084 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings
Henderson, C., Noblett, J., Parke, H., Clement, S., Caffrey, A., Gale-Grant, O., Schulze, B., Druss, B., & Thornicroft, G. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00023-6 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health
Thornicroft, G., Sunkel, C., Alikhon Aliev, A., Baker, S., Brohan, E., el Chammay, R., Davies, K., Demissie, M., Duncan, J., Fekadu, W., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01470-2 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Self-citationPatel, V., Xiao, S., Chen, H., Hanna, F., Jotheeswaran, A. T., Luo, D., Parikh, R., Sharma, E., Usmani, S., Yu, Y., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00160-4 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Strengthening mental health systems in low-and middle-income countries: the Emerald programme
Semrau, M., Evans-Lacko, S., Alem, A., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chisholm, D., Gureje, O., Hanlon, C., Jordans, M., Kigozi, F., Lempp, H., et al. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0309-4 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia--Time to Commit to Policy Change
Fleischhacker, W. W., Arango, C., Arteel, P., Barnes, T. R. E., Carpenter, W., Duckworth, K., Galderisi, S., Halpern, L., Knapp, M., Marder, S. R., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu006 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationStigma and discrimination related to mental illness in low- and middle-income countries
Semrau, M., Evans-Lacko, S., Koschorke, M., Ashenafi, L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796015000359 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationChatbots and mental health: Insights into the safety of generative <scp>AI</scp>
De Freitas, J., Uğuralp, A. K., Oğuz‐Uğuralp, Z., & Puntoni, S. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1393 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe
Haro, J. M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Bitter, I., Demotes‐Mainard, J., Leboyer, M., Lewis, S. W., Linszen, D., Maj, M., Mcdaid, D., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1406 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Intergroup contact and mental health stigma: a comparative effectiveness meta-analysis
Maunder, R. D., & White, F. A. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101749 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Peter, L.-J., Schindler, S., Sander, C., Schmidt, S., Muehlan, H., McLaren, T., Tomczyk, S., Speerforck, S., & Schomerus, G. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000854 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Barbui, C., Purgato, M., Abdulmalik, J., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Eaton, J., Gureje, O., Hanlon, C., Nosè, M., Ostuzzi, G., Saraceno, B., et al. (2021) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.144 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes the stigma of mental illness contribute to suicidality?
Rüsch, N., Zlati, A., Black, G., & Thornicroft, G. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.145755 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationHansson, L., & Markström, U. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-55 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Qualitative analysis of mental health service users' reported experiences of discrimination
Hamilton, S., Pinfold, V., Cotney, J., Couperthwaite, L., Matthews, J., Barret, K., Warren, S., Corker, E., Rose, D., Thornicroft, G., et al. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12611 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationHeim, E., Henderson, C., Kohrt, B. A., Koschorke, M., Milenova, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000167 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationLevels of stigma among community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China
Li, J., Li, J., Thornicroft, G., & Huang, Y. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0231-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationThe link between mental health-related discrimination and suicidality: service user perspectives
Farrelly, S., Jeffery, D., Rüsch, N., Williams, P., Thornicroft, G., & Clement, S. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714003158 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationGureje, O., Oladeji, B. D., Montgomery, A. A., Araya, R., Bello, T., Chisholm, D., Groleau, D., Kirmayer, L. J., Kola, L., Olley, L. B., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gabbidon, J., Farrelly, S., Hatch, S. L., Henderson, C., Williams, P., Bhugra, D., Dockery, L., Lassman, F., Thornicroft, G., & Clement, S. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300302 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationAlvarez-Mon, M. A., Llavero-Valero, M., Sánchez-Bayona, R., Pereira-Sanchez, V., Vallejo-Valdivielso, M., Monserrat, J., Lahera, G., Asunsolo del Barco, A., & Alvarez-Mon, M. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14110 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gureje, O., Oladeji, B. D., Araya, R., Montgomery, A. A., Kola, L., Kirmayer, L., Zelkowitz, P., & Groleau, D. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0537-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lasalvia, A., Van Bortel, T., Bonetto, C., Jayaram, G., van Weeghel, J., Zoppei, S., Knifton, L., Quinn, N., Wahlbeck, K., Cristofalo, D., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Nakash, O., Lambez, T., Cohen, M., & Nagar, M. (2019) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1489377 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stickley, A., Leinsalu, M., Ruchkin, V., Oh, H., Narita, Z., & Koyanagi, A. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.12.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lasalvia, A., Zoppei, S., Van Bortel, T., Bonetto, C., Cristofalo, D., Wahlbeck, K., Bacle, S. V., Van Audenhove, C., van Weeghel, J., Reneses, B., Germanavicius, A., Economou, M., Lanfredi, M., Ando, S., Sartorius, N., Lopez-Ibor, J. J., & Thornicroft, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- University Mental Health Research Institute (GR)
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (IT)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lasalvia, Antonio
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 381
- Issue
- 9860
- Pages
- 55-62
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2096000431
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 57.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation (University of Belgrade) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0606-1053, NF-SI-0611-10053)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, experienced discrimination, anticipated discrimination, mental health stigma, diagnosis disclosure, psychiatric hospital admissions, social functioning, employment, unemployment, relationship formation, health care access, cross-national comparison, help-seeking barriers, help-seeking facilitators
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Employment, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, Socioeconomic Factors, Stereotyping, Safety Management, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
