Cited by 342Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersMuscle metabolism and nutrition

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Injury to Skeletal Muscle Fibers During Contractions: Conditions of Occurrence and Prevention

Faulkner, John A, Brooks, Susan V, Opiteck, Julie A·1993·Physical Therapy

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Contraction-induced injury results in the degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers. Of the three types of contractions--shortening (concentric), isometric, and lengthening (eccentric)--injury is most likely to occur and the severity of the injury is greatest during lengthening contractions. The magnitude of the injury to muscle fibers may be assessed by direct measures of cellular and ultrastructural damage; by indirect measures of changes in enzyme efflux, calcium influx, ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione, and force development; and, in human beings, by reports of muscle soreness. The sequence of events includes an initial injury that is primarily mechanical and a secondary metabolic, or biochemical, injury that peaks 1 to 3 days after the injurious contractions. The recovery from contraction-induced injury is usually complete within 30 days. Repeated exposures to protocols of lengthening contractions result in "trained" muscles that are not injured by the protocol that previously caused injury.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ptj/73.12.911

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 342

A moderate oestradiol level enhances neutrophil number and activity in muscle after traumatic injury but strength recovery is accelerated
Le, G., Novotny, S. A., Mader, T. L., Greising, S. M., Chan, S. S.-K., Kyba, M., Lowe, D. A., & Warren, G. L. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp276432 · Cited by 46
“Based on older reviews of the exercise-induced muscle injury literature (Armstrong et al. 1991; Faulkner et al. 1993), one might assume that inflammation exacerbates the initial muscle injury resulting in what is referred to as a secondary injury.”
Background
Changes in the soleus muscle architecture after exhausting stretch-shortening cycle exercise in humans
Ishikawa, M., Dousset, E., Avela, J., Kyröläinen, H., Kallio, J., Linnamo, V., Kuitunen, S., Nicol, C., & Komi, P. V. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0180-2 · Cited by 45
“Exhaustive stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise and eccentric fatigue exercises induce immediate and delayed secondary reductions in mechanical and reflex performance (see Nicol and Komi 2000; Proske and Morgan 2001, for reviews), supporting the bimodal recovery concept (Faulkner et al. 1993; Komi 2000; MacIntyre e…”
Background
Temporal Pattern of the Repeated Bout Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness.
Cleary, M. A., Kimura, I. F., Sitler, M. R., & Kendrick, Z. V. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 45
Anatomical and mechanical changes following repetitive eccentric exertions
Sesto, M. E., Radwin, R. G., Block, W. F., et al. (2004) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.09.002 · Cited by 45
“Previous studies have reported ultrastructural abnormalities within muscle including structural and ultrastructural myofiber damage following eccentric contractions (Lieber et al., 1991; Faulkner et al., 1993; Friden and Lieber, 1998).”
Result
Benefits of dietary phytochemical supplementation on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage: Is including antioxidants enough?
Panza, V. P., Diefenthaeler, F., & da Silva, E. L. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.014 · Cited by 43
Quantitative MRI Reveals Microstructural Changes in the Upper Leg Muscles After Running a Marathon
Hooijmans, M. T., Monte, J. R., Froeling, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.27106 · Cited by 43
“Microtrauma (overuse) injury may result from repetitive use of muscles.(2) Whereas acute trauma commonly has a clear clinical presentation, the diagnosis”
Background
A systematic review of the effectiveness of eccentric strength training in the prevention of hamstring muscle strains in otherwise healthy individuals.
Hibbert, O., Cheong, K., Grant, A., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Impact of treadmill locomotor training on skeletal muscle IGF1 and myogenic regulatory factors in spinal cord injured rats
Liu, M., Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E., Jayaraman, A., Ye, F., Conover, C. F., Walter, G. A., Bose, P., Thompson, F. J., Borst, S. E., & Vandenborne, K. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1392-z · Cited by 41
Muscle fatigue in old animals. Unique aspects of fatigue in elderly humans.
Faulkner, J. A., & Brooks, S. V. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 41
Self-citation
Muscle Fatigue in Old Animals
Faulkner, J. A., & Brooks, S. V. (1995) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1016-5_36 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Relationship between pre‐exercise muscle stiffness and muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise
Xu, J., Fu, S. N., Zhou, D., Huang, C., & Hug, F. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1535625 · Cited by 37
“At 48 H after exercise, no fatigue exists for the recovery from fatigue completed 3 h after exercise (Faulkner et al., 1993).”
Protease Supplementation Improves Muscle Function after Eccentric Exercise
Buford, T. W., Cooke, M. B., Redd, L., Hudson, G. M., Shelmadine, B., & Willoughby, D. S. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a518f0 · Cited by 38
“Although evidence indicates that migration of inflammatory cells is an obligatory component of the muscle repair process (17,29,33), other data indicate that muscle force decrements after exercise cannot be fully explained by mechanical damage and are correlated with inflammatory cell invasion (14,19).”
Background
Comparison of Repetitive Movements Between Ballet Dancers and Martial Artists: Risk Assessment of Muscle Overuse Injuries and Prevention Strategies
Shan, G. (2005) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438620590922103 · Cited by 38
Elderly Patients and High Force Resistance Exercise—A Descriptive Report
LaStayo, P. C., McDonagh, P., Lipovic, D., Napoles, P., Bartholomew, A. M., Esser, K. A., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/00139143-200712000-00008 · Cited by 36
Interaction Between Voluntary and Postural Motor Commands During Perturbed Lifting
Oddsson, L., Persson, T., Cresswell, A. G., et al. (1999) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199903150-00009 · Cited by 37
The shift in muscle’s length-tension relation after exercise attributed to increased series compliance
Gregory, J. E., Morgan, D. L., Allen, T., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0363-x · Cited by 37
Regenerating Myofibers after an Acute Muscle Injury: What Do We Really Know about Them?
Pizza, F. X., & Buckley, K. H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612545 · Cited by 37
“The number of affected myofibers and the extent to which they display signs of injury or necrosis are predictors of muscle dysfunction after injury [3,11,14,15].”
Background
Knee Angle Affects Posterior Chain Muscle Activation During an Isometric Test Used in Soccer Players
Read, P. J., Turner, A. N., Clarke, R., et al. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7010013 · Cited by 36
“An alternative approach is to examine hamstring strength using isometric protocols that involve minimal structural muscle damage [13] and can thus be used regularly in-season.”
Background
Muscle exercise in limb girdle muscular dystrophies: pitfall and advantages.
Siciliano, G., Simoncini, C., Giannotti, S., et al. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 36
The Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Plantarflexor Muscle Fatigue in Ovariectomized Mice
Schneider, B. S. P., Fine, J. P., Nadolski, T., & Tiidus, P. M. (2004) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800403262258 · Cited by 37
Aberrant redox signalling and stress response in age-related muscle decline: Role in inter- and intra-cellular signalling
McArdle, A., Pollock, N., Staunton, C. A., & Jackson, M. J. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.038 · Cited by 35
“The time course and characteristics of contraction-induced muscle injury and recovery are similar for mice [20,21], rats [22,23], and humans [24,25].”
Background
Le rôle joué par les fibres afférentes métabosensibles dans les mécanismes adaptatifs neuromusculaires
Decherchi, P., & Dousset, E. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100053348 · Cited by 41
M-creatine kinase gene expression in mechanically overloaded skeletal muscle of transgenic mice
Tsika, R. W., Hauschka, S. D., & Gao, L. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.3.c665 · Cited by 35
Stretch‐Shortening Cycle Fatigue
Nicol, C., & Komi, P. V. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444324822.ch12 · Cited by 35
Equivalent Hypertrophy and Strength Gains in β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate- or Leucine-supplemented Men
JAKUBOWSKI, J. S., WONG, E. P. T., NUNES, E. A., NOGUCHI, K. S., VANDEWEERD, J. K., MURPHY, K. T., MORTON, R. W., MCGLORY, C., & PHILLIPS, S. M. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001752 · Cited by 34
Calpain inhibition rescues troponin T3 fragmentation, increases Cav1.1 , and enhances skeletal muscle force in aging sedentary mice
Zhang, T., Pereyra, A. S., Wang, Z., Birbrair, A., Reisz, J. A., Files, D. C., Purcell, L. D., Feng, X., Messi, M. L., Feng, H., et al. (2016) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12453 · Cited by 33
“throughout the lifespan, particularly at later stages, when increased susceptibility to trauma may activate calpains (Faulkner et al., 1993; Salazar et al., 2010).”
Background
Effects of mate tea consumption on muscle strength and oxidative stress markers after eccentric exercise.
Panza, V. P., Diefenthaeler, F., Tamborindeguy, A. C., Camargo, C. D. Q., de Moura, B. M., Brunetta, H., Sakugawa, R., de Oliveira, M. V., Puel, E. D. O., Nunes, E., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451600043x · Cited by 35
“It has been assumed that reactive species released by phagocytes could occasionally act on intact structures, leading to additional damage and delayed recovery of muscle strength (3,5 – 8 , 33) .”
Background
HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition protects skeletal muscle from eccentric contraction-induced injury
Billin, A., Honeycutt, S. E., McDougal, A., Kerr, J. P., Chen, Z., Freudenberg, J., Rajpal, D., Luo, G., Kramer, H. F., Geske, R., et al. (2018) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-018-0179-5 · Cited by 17
Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations
Margaritelis, N. V., Theodorou, A. A., Chatzinikolaou, P. N., Kyparos, A., Nikolaidis, M. G., & Paschalis, V. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04528-w · Cited by 32
Length-tension relationships are altered in regenerating muscles of the rat after bupivacaine injection
Plant, D. R., Beitzel, F., & Lynch, G. S. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01381.2004 · Cited by 32
Effects of eccentric exercise on trapezius electromyography during computer work with active and passive pauses
Samani, A., Holtermann, A., Søgaard, K., et al. (2009) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.05.011 · Cited by 31
“The sequence of damage events during eccentric exercise has been postulated to include both initial and secondary structural injury phases (Faulkner et al., 1993).”
Background
Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting injury risk related to repetitive muscle lengthening during learning and training of human complex motor skills
Wan, B., & Shan, G. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2067-y · Cited by 33
“120 % of its rest length) would most likely cause muscle injuries (Faulkner et al. 1993; Fritz and Stauber 1988; McCully and Faulkner 1985; Stauber et al. 1988).”
Background
The effect of lengthening contractions on neuromuscular junction structure in adult and old mice
Vasilaki, A., Pollock, N., Giakoumaki, I. I., Goljanek‐Whysall, K., Sakellariou, G. K., Pearson, T., Kayani, A. C., Jackson, M. J., & McArdle, A. (2016) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-016-9937-7 · Cited by 29
“The time course and characteristics of contraction-inducedmuscle injury and recovery are similar for mice (Brooks et al. 1995; Faulkner et al. 1989) and humans (Faulkner et al. 1993; Friden et al. 1983).”
Background
Eccentric Contraction-Induced Muscle Injury: Reproducible, Quantitative, Physiological Models to Impair Skeletal Muscle’s Capacity to Generate Force
Call, J. A., & Lowe, D. A. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3810-0_1 · Cited by 30
The effect of delayed‐onset muscle soreness on stretch reflexes in human low back muscles
Hjortskov, N., Essendrop, M., Skotte, J. H., & Fallentin, N. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00438.x · Cited by 30
Effects of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase on strain injury-induced oxidative damage to skeletal muscle in rats.
Li, G., Xu, F., & Wang, S. (2005) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.930614 · Cited by 30
“Moreover, the delayed rise in CK level may be a manifestation of secondary muscle damage (Faulkner et al. 1993).”
Background
Douleurs musculaires posteffort
Coudreuse, J. M., Dupont, P., & Nicol, C. (2004) · Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique · doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2004.05.012 · Cited by 30
Voluntary activation and mechanical performance of human triceps surae muscle after exhaustive stretch-shortening cycle jumping exercise
Kuitunen, S., Avela, J., Kyr�l�inen, H., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-1004-2 · Cited by 30
The effects of different passive static stretching intensities on recovery from unaccustomed eccentric exercise – a randomized controlled trial
Apostolopoulos, N. C., Lahart, I. M., Plyley, M. J., et al. (2018) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0841 · Cited by 28
“The disruption of the muscle tissue is caused by an initial mechanical, and a secondary biochemical injury (Armstrong, 1984, Faulkner et al., 1993).”
Background
Isokinetic eccentric exercise as a model to induce and reproduce pathophysiological alterations related to delayed onset muscle soreness
Lund, H., Vestergaard‐Poulsen, P., Kanstrup, I., et al. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00194.x · Cited by 28
Dynamics of indirect symptoms of skeletal muscle damage after stretch-shortening exercise
Skurvydas, A., Sipavičienė, S., Krutulytė, G., et al. (2006) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.11.002 · Cited by 28
High specific torque is related to lengthening contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury
Black, C. D., Elder, C. P., Gorgey, A. S., et al. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2007 · Cited by 28
“It has been suggested that these differences may account for the disparate findings regarding the relative contribution of each factor to muscle injury (11).”
Result
Damage to developing mouse skeletal muscle myotubes in culture: protective effect of heat shock proteins
Maglara, A., Vasilaki, A., Jackson, M. J., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2003.00837.x · Cited by 28
“These include the use of cultured muscle cells, isolated single muscle fibres, bundles of fibres, intact isolated rodent muscles or damage to muscle in situ in animals and man (Faulkner et al. 1982, 1993; McArdle et al. 1992; Head, 1993; Pressmar et al. 1994; Faulkner & Brooks, 1997).”
Background
Strength loss after eccentric contractions is unaffected by creatine supplementation
Warren, G. L., Fennessy, J. M., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.557 · Cited by 27
“Changes in muscle functional capacity are considered the best means of quantifying contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury (7, 22).”
Background
Physical conditioning in children with arthritis. Assessment and guidelines for exercise prescription
Klepper, S. E., & Giannini, M. J. (1994) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1790070411 · Cited by 27
Taurine Supplementation Reduces Eccentric Exercise-Induced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Young Men
Ra, S.-G., Akazawa, N., Choi, Y., Matsubara, T., Oikawa, S., Kumagai, H., Tanahashi, K., Ohmori, H., & Maeda, S. (2015) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_61 · Cited by 26
Force Per Active Area and Muscle Injury during Electrically Stimulated Contractions
Black, C. D., & McCully, K. K. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181757182 · Cited by 26
“(11) have suggested that the disagreement could be attributed to the fact that a variety of animals (mice, rats, rabbits, toads) as well as several in vitro, in situ, and in vivo experimental models have been used to study contraction-induced injury.”
Background
Delayed onset muscle soreness induced by eccentric isokinetic exercise
Croisier, J., Camus, G., Forthomme, B., Maquet, D., Vanderthommen, M., & Crielaard, J. M. (2003) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-2003-0130 · Cited by 25
“In eccentric, the increased tension per individual cross bridge causes mechanical disruption of the ultra-J structure elements such as the Z-line and contractile ﬁl-aments [35,38].”
Muscle enzyme and fiber type‐specific sarcomere protein increases in serum after inertial concentric‐eccentric exercise
Carmona, G., Guerrero, M., Cussó, R., Padullés, J. M., Moras, G., Lloret, M., Bedini, J. L., & Cadefau, J. A. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12363 · Cited by 24
“Direct evidence of EIMD requires histological analysis of muscle tissue (Faulkner et al., 1993).”
Background
Dual Effects of Exercise in Dysferlinopathy
Biondi, O., Villemeur, M., Marchand, A., Chrétien, F. C., Bourg, N., Gherardi, R. K., Richard, I., & Authier, F. (2013) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.045 · Cited by 24
The acute effects of an intense stretch-shortening cycle fatigue protocol on the neuromechanical parameters of lower limbs in men and prepubescent boys
Lazaridis, S. N., Patikas, D., Bassa, E. I., et al. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1287932 · Cited by 25
Effect of concentric or eccentric weight training on the expression of heat shock proteins in m. biceps brachii of very well trained males
Gjøvaag, T. F., Vikne, H., & Dahl, H. A. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0084-6 · Cited by 25
“Skeletal muscle adapts relatively quickly to repeated sessions of exercise and reports show that regularly exercised muscles are not injured by the exercise that previously caused muscle damage (Faulkner et al. 1993).”
Background
Differential susceptibility on myosin heavy chain isoform following eccentric-induced muscle damage
Choi, S.-J., & Choi, S.-J. (2014) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.140171 · Cited by 24
“As well known, an eccentric contraction is much more likely to injury a muscle compared to an isometric contraction or a contraction in which the force producing muscle shortens (Allen, 2001; Faulkner et al., 1993; Lieber and Friden, 2002; Proske and Allen, 2005; Warren et al., 2001).”
Background
Repeated Muscle Injury as a Presumptive Trigger for Chronic Masticatory Muscle Pain
Dessem, D., & Lovering, R. M. (2011) · Pain Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/647967 · Cited by 24
“Maximal contractile force is a strong indicator of the overall status of a muscle [109] and a reliable indicator of injury [110, 111].”
Background
Cooling leg muscles affects dynamics of indirect indicators of skeletal muscle damage
Skurvydas, A., Sipavičienė, S., Krutulytė, G., et al. (2006) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-2006-19406 · Cited by 24
“It has been shown that after exercise that brings about muscle damage instead of the muscle being restored to its initial level after load there even occurs a decrease in neuromuscular performance [12,14,21,38].”
A Brief Review
Haff, G. G., Whitley, A., & Potteiger, J. A. (2001) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/1533-4295(2001)023 · Cited by 113
Effects of a stretching regime on stride length and range of motion in equine trot
Rose, N. S., Northrop, A. J., Brigden, C. V., et al. (2009) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.010 · Cited by 24
“The 6DSR group could have been experiencing DOMS from the stretching treatment and may not have had sufficient opportunity to recover (between stretching treatments) and adapt compared to the 3DSR.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of estrogen on gastrocnemius muscle strain injury and regeneration in female rats.
Feng, X., Li, G., & Wang, S. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Chronic uphill and downhill exercise protocols do not lead to sarcomerogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle
Morais, G. P., da Rocha, A. L., Neave, L. M., Lucas, G., Leonard, T. R., Carvalho, A., da Silva, A. S. R., & Herzog, W. (2019) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109469 · Cited by 23
Anatomical and Physiological Factors Contributing to Chronic Muscle Pain
Gregory, N. S., & Sluka, K. A. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_294 · Cited by 23
“Damage to muscle tissue during use plays an important role in muscle pain, as muscle activity that results in greater tissue damage produces significantly more pain than non-damaging activity (Faulkner et al. 1993; Proske and Morgan 2001; Gibson et al. 2009; Martin et al. 2009).”
Background
Eccentric exercise results in a prolonged increase in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in rat skeletal muscle
Zuo, Q., Qu, F., Li, N., Wang, S., Liu, J.-Y., Xu, C., & Yu, X.-K. (2019) · Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility · doi:10.1007/s10974-019-09554-6 · Cited by 17
A 2 week routine stretching programme did not prevent contraction‐induced injury in mouse muscle
Black, J. D. J., Freeman, M., & Stevens, E. D. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.025254 · Cited by 22
“It is seen commonly after long distance running, skiing, and horseback riding (Faulkner et al. 1993).”
Background
Enhanced inflammation with high carbohydrate intake during recovery from eccentric exercise
Depner, C. M., Kirwan, R. D., Frederickson, S. J., & Miles, M. P. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1448-0 · Cited by 21
“Eccentric muscle exercise in untrained skeletal muscle will cause moderate to high levels of muscle damage resulting in decreased strength, increased soreness, and inflammation (Faulkner et al. 1993).”
Background
Adaptive changes in motor control of rhythmic movement after maximal eccentric actions
Bottas, R., Nicol, C., Komi, P. V., & Linnamo, V. (2007) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.09.001 · Cited by 22
“The sequence of damage events has been postulated to include initial and secondary structural injury phases (Faulkner et al., 1993).”
Background
Correlations between Craniovertebral Angle(CVA) and Cardiorespiratory Function in Young Adults
Lee, M.-H., & Chu, M. K. (2014) · Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine · doi:10.13066/kspm.2014.9.1.107 · Cited by 21
Mechanical and magnetic resonance imaging changes following eccentric or concentric exertions
Sesto, M. E., Chourasia, A. O., Block, W. F., et al. (2008) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.03.068 · Cited by 21
“Unaccustomed eccentric contractions cause more severe skeletal muscle injuries than unaccustomed isometric or concentric contractions, often resulting in disruptions of the muscle myofibrillar structure (Faulkner et al., 1993; Lieber et al., 1991).”
Background
Impact of loading and work rest intervals on muscle micro-trauma
Smith, T. T. G., & Gallagher, S. (2018) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2018.03.002 · Cited by 20
Ibuprofen Ingestion Does Not Affect Markers of Post-exercise Muscle Inflammation
Vella, L. D., Markworth, J. F., Paulsen, G., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00086 · Cited by 20
“From animal studies it appears that cellular events in postexercise inflammation, occur concomitantly with the onset of DOMS (Armstrong et al., 1991; Faulkner et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluential
Upper limb mechanical changes following short duration repetitive eccentric exertions
Sesto, M. E., Radwin, R. G., Best, T. M., & Richard, T. G. (2004) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.06.005 · Cited by 20
Factors Modulating the Priming Response to Resistance and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Exercise Stimuli
Holmberg, P. M., Harrison, P. W., Jenkins, D. G., & Kelly, V. G. (2022) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000728 · Cited by 19
“As increases in the creatine kinase activity have been shown to parallel changes in neuromuscular performance at 24 hours following similar activities (7,20,42,47,73), the observed decreases in postpriming performance after jumping exercise tasks within this same time frame (123,143) may be related to the delayed infl…”
Background
Which type of repetitive muscle contractions induces a greater acute impairment of position sense?
Fortier, S., Basset, F. A., Billaut, F., et al. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.002 · Cited by 19
“Likewise, it is also well known that strenuous eccentric exercise induces greater acute damage to muscle fibres than concentric and isometric exercises (Clarkson and Newham, 1995; Faulkner et al., 1993; Komi and Rusko, 1974).”
Background
Time course of changes in bilateral arm power of swimmers during recovery from injury using a swim bench.
Swaine, I. (1997) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.31.3.213 · Cited by 19
Influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment duration and time of onset on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in rats.
Lapointe, B., Frémont, P., & Côt́e, C. (2003) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(02)04899-2 · Cited by 24
Anterior tibial translation during eccentric, isokinetic quadriceps work in healthy subjects
Kvist, J., & Gillquist, J. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00232.x · Cited by 18
Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Warren, G. L., Call, J. A., Farthing, A. K., & Piaro, B. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0528-7 · Cited by 17
“However, using data collected after 3 days post-injury is outside the time frame originally proposed for when a secondary strength loss occurs [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Upper Limb Dynamic Responses to Impulsive Forces for Selected Assembly Workers
Sesto, M. E., Radwin, R. G., Block, W. F., et al. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459620500471239 · Cited by 17
“Previous studies have observed ultrastructural abnormalities within muscle following eccentric contractions.(8,9,28) Damage to contractile machinery may result in fewer contributing parallel mechanical spring elements during loading, which may play a role in the reduction in muscle mechanical properties observed in sy…”
Background
Stretch‐Shortening Cycle Fatigue and its Influence on Force and Power Production
Nicol, C., & Komi, P. V. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757215.ch11 · Cited by 17
Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Indirect Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review of Human Trials
Caldas, L. C., Salgueiro, R. B., Clarke, N. D., Tallis, J. A., Baraúna, V. G., & Guimarães‐Ferreira, L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091769 · Cited by 19
“Eccentric muscle contractions are known to induce EIMD [16,17] but other factors also seem to influence EIMD occurrence, such as exercise intensity [18], skeletal muscle fiber type recruited during exercise [19], muscle contraction velocity [20], and joint range of motion during exercise [21,22].”
Background
Short-term changes in upper extremity dynamic mechanical response parameters following power hand tool use
Sesto, M. E., Radwin, R., & Richard, T. (2005) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130500142209 · Cited by 16
“…abnormalities within muscle including structural and ultrastructural myofibre damage following eccentric contractions (Lieber et al. 1991; Faulkner et al. 1993; Friden and Lieber 1998), although these studies involved more intense contraction levels than those associated with power hand…”
Background
Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Estrogen and sex do/do not influence post-exercise indexes of muscle damage, inflammation, and repair
Pizza, F. X. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2009 · Cited by 17
Stretch–Shortening Cycle of Muscle Function
Komi, P. V., & Nicol, C. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470693797.ch5 · Cited by 16
Evaluation and Imaging of an Untreated Grade III Hamstring Tear: A Case Report
Clark, B. B., Jaffe, D., Henn, F., et al. (2011) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-011-2027-3 · Cited by 14
“The force generated during a maximal lengthening contraction is approximately twofold the force developed during a maximal isometric contraction [11].”
Background
Temporal pattern of skeletal muscle gene expression following endurance exercise in Alaskan sled dogs
Brass, E. P., Peters, M. A., Hinchcliff, K. W., He, Y. D., & Ulrich, R. G. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91347.2008 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, exercise, either eccentric or concentric, can result in muscle injury characterized by sarcolemmal damage, with or without evidence of inflammation and pain (11, 26, 47).”
Background
Neuromuscular Changes and Damage after Isoload versus Isokinetic Eccentric Exercise
Doguet, V., Nosaka, K., Plautard, M., Gross, R., Guilhem, G., Guével, A., & Jubeau, M. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001042 · Cited by 14
“The presence of muscle damage is classically identified using changes in indirect markers such as the long-lasting strength loss, muscle soreness, and increases in CK activity in the blood in the days after exercise (10,30).”
Background
Eccentric Strength Training Prescription for Older Adults
Krishnathasan, D., & Vandervoort, A. A. (2000) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00013614-200003000-00006 · Cited by 14
Resistance Training Recommendations for Older Adults
Porter, M. M. (2000) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00013614-200003000-00009 · Cited by 14
Comparison between Eccentric-Only and Coupled Concentric–Eccentric Contractions for Neuromuscular Fatigue and Muscle Damage
Ruas, C. V., Latella, C., Taylor, J. L., et al. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002959 · Cited by 13
“In addition, the greater force developed during eccentric than concentric contractions has been thought to cause more strain of individual crossbridges (32).”
Background
Prolonged mechanical and physiological changes in the upper extremity following short-term simulated power hand tool use
Chourasia, A. O., Sesto, M. E., Block, W. F., et al. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802480877 · Cited by 13
“1991, Faulkner et al. 1993). This disruption may negatively affect the muscle’s mechanical response properties. For example, Leger and Milner (2000) reported a statistically significant decrease in stiffness following maximal eccentric exercise in male subjects.”
Background
Disturbed motor control of rhythmic movement at 2 h and delayed after maximal eccentric actions
Bottas, R., Miettunen, K., Komi, P. V., & Linnamo, V. (2010) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.11.010 · Cited by 14
“It has been suggested that magnitude of initial muscle injury, may be estimated from the decrease in force around 3 h post-exercise (Faulkner et al., 1993).”
Background
Time-Course of Neuromuscular Changes during and after Maximal Eccentric Contractions
Doguet, V., Jubeau, M., Dorel, S., Couturier, A., Lacourpaille, L., Guével, A., & Guilhem, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00137 · Cited by 13
Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice
Zwetsloot, K. A., Shanely, R. A., Godwin, J. S., & Hodgman, C. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2021.757789 · Cited by 11
Development of a non-damaging high-intensity intermittent running protocol
Joo, C.-H. (2015) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.15195 · Cited by 11
“One of the most appropriate and valid ways to quantify muscle damage following exercise is the impairment of the ability of skeletal muscle to produce force (Faulkner et al., 1993, Warren et al., 1999).”
Skinned single fibers from normal and dystrophin‐deficient dogs incur comparable stretch‐induced force deficits
Childers, M. K., Staley, J. T., Kornegay, J. N., et al. (2005) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20298 · Cited by 11
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Regulation in Aging Skeletal Muscle
Delbono, O. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9713-2_6 · Cited by 12
Fiber type composition of pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus striated muscles is modified by multiparity in the rabbit
López‐García, K., Mariscal‐Tovar, S., Serrano‐Meneses, M. A., et al. (2016) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.23143 · Cited by 11
“Regarding the fiber sensibility to damage, several authors report an increase of cross sectional areas in slow fibers but not in fast or intermediate fibers after hind limb suspension,(22) anesthetics infiltration,(23) or injury during contractions.(24) Our results further show that slow fibers in Pc and Bs muscles of…”
Result
Injury and Repair of the Soleus Muscle after Electrical Stimulation of the Sciatic Nerve in the Rat.
Matsuura, N., Kawamata, S., Ozawa, J., et al. (2001) · Archivum histologicum japonicum · doi:10.1679/aohc.64.393 · Cited by 11
The Effect of Kinesio Taping on Muscle Strength Improvement, Blood Fatigue Factors, Muscle Fatigue and Damage Index
Lee, M.-S. (2010) · Journal of Life Science · doi:10.5352/jls.2010.20.6.870 · Cited by 11
“근육 손상과 지연된 근 통증(Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness: DOMS)에 대한 정확 한 기전은 아직 밝혀지지 않았지만, 운동 후 근육 손상의 지표 인 혈중 CK와 LDH 농도의 지속적인 증가 현상은 아마도 근육 손상에 따른 급성적인 염증 반응 후 식세포의 증가된 활동에 의한 것으로 볼 수 있고[7], cross-bridge의 근 손상에 따른 구 조적 변형에 의한 반응 현상으로 간주되고 있다[8].”
Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies: A scoping review and overview of currently available rehabilitation strategies
D’Este, G., Spagna, M., Federico, S., et al. (2024) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.28284 · Cited by 10
“Damage can be both metabolic and mechanical as a result of ischemia and muscle fiber overload 45 ; therefore, eccentric exercise should be avoided, while supervised aerobic exercise is well tolerated.”
A administração de nandrolona não promove hipertrofia do músculo sóleo em ratos
Cunha, T. S., Tanno, A. P., Marcondes, F. K., Perez, S., & Selistre-de-Araújo, H. S. (2006) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302006000300017 · Cited by 10
“Estes autores acreditam que a supressão do turnover protéico induzido pelo treinamento resistido seja decorrente, pelo menos em parte, da redução do grau de lesão muscular induzido pela contração (39,52,53).”
Background
The Time-Course of Voluntary and Electrically Evoked Muscle Performance During and After Stretch-Shortening Exercise is Different.
Skurvydas, A., Mamkus, G., Dudonienė, V., et al. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 10

Authors: Faulkner, J. A., Brooks, S. V., & Opiteck, J. A.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Faulkner, John A
ORCID: Brooks, Susan V
Venue: Physical Therapy
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1993-12-01
Volume: 73
Issue: 12
Pages: 911-921
ISSN: 0031-9023 (ISSN-L)
1538-6724
DOI: 10.1093/ptj/73.12.911
OpenAlex: W2269278230
Cited by: 341
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 4.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01ag006157-14)
National Institute on Aging (AG00114, AG-06157)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: eccentric contraction, muscle degeneration and regeneration, muscle soreness, calcium influx, glutathione oxidation, muscle force production, muscle recovery, injury prevention
MeSH terms: Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Biopsy, Calcium, Clinical Protocols, Disease Models, Animal, Exercise Therapy, Glutathione, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Isotonic Contraction, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Pain, Wounds and Injuries, Mice, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Injury to Skeletal Muscle Fibers During Contractions: Conditions of Occurrence and Prevention

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks