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Injury to Skeletal Muscle Fibers During Contractions: Conditions of Occurrence and Prevention
Abstract
Contraction-induced injury results in the degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers. Of the three types of contractions--shortening (concentric), isometric, and lengthening (eccentric)--injury is most likely to occur and the severity of the injury is greatest during lengthening contractions. The magnitude of the injury to muscle fibers may be assessed by direct measures of cellular and ultrastructural damage; by indirect measures of changes in enzyme efflux, calcium influx, ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione, and force development; and, in human beings, by reports of muscle soreness. The sequence of events includes an initial injury that is primarily mechanical and a secondary metabolic, or biochemical, injury that peaks 1 to 3 days after the injurious contractions. The recovery from contraction-induced injury is usually complete within 30 days. Repeated exposures to protocols of lengthening contractions result in "trained" muscles that are not injured by the protocol that previously caused injury.
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“If repeated multiple times, eccentric contractions are a useful tool to induce a physiologically-relevant injury to skeletal muscle, resulting in damage to the contractile apparatus and loss of function (2, 3).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
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“An eccentric contraction is a muscle action whereby the muscle lengthens under tension, during which the load placed upon the muscle is greater than the force developed by the muscle (Faulkner et al. 1993; Fridén and Lieber 2001).”
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“[12], the muscle membrane appears to be damaged to a greater extent in in vitro experiments than in in situ experiments.”
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“Faulkner et al. (1993) suggested that the two declines in SSC performance were due to two separate injuries.”
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“On the other hand, if muscle mass is too low relative to the demands of exercise, the body may incur the energy costs of repairing torn muscle tissue or inflammation (see Frankenfield (2006) and Faulkner et al. (1993)).”
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“Previous literature indicates that unaccustomed eccentric-only contractions typically produce greater structural muscle disruption and prolonged force deficits, whereas concentric-dominant loading induces comparatively minor impairments [28,29].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Faulkner, J. A., Brooks, S. V., & Opiteck, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Faulkner, John A
- ORCID
- Brooks, Susan V
- Venue
- Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1993-12-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 911-921
- ISSN
- 0031-9023 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-6724
- OpenAlex
- W2269278230
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag006157-14)
- National Institute on Aging (AG00114, AG-06157)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- eccentric contraction, muscle degeneration and regeneration, muscle soreness, calcium influx, glutathione oxidation, muscle force production, muscle recovery, injury prevention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Biopsy, Calcium, Clinical Protocols, Disease Models, Animal, Exercise Therapy, Glutathione, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Isotonic Contraction, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Pain, Wounds and Injuries, Mice, Rats
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