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Are strong empathizers better mentalizers? Evidence for independence and interaction between the routes of social cognition
Open accessAbstract
Although the processes that underlie sharing others' emotions (empathy) and understanding others' mental states (mentalizing, Theory of Mind) have received increasing attention, it is yet unclear how they relate to each other. For instance, are people who strongly empathize with others also more proficient in mentalizing? And (how) do the neural networks supporting empathy and mentalizing interact? Assessing both functions simultaneously in a large sample (N = 178), we show that people's capacities to empathize and mentalize are independent, both on a behavioral and neural level. Thus, strong empathizers are not necessarily proficient mentalizers, arguing against a general capacity of social understanding. Second, we applied dynamic causal modeling to investigate how the neural networks underlying empathy and mentalizing are orchestrated in naturalistic social settings. Results reveal that in highly emotional situations, empathic sharing can inhibit mentalizing-related activity and thereby harm mentalizing performance. Taken together, our findings speak against a unitary construct of social understanding and suggest flexible interplay of distinct social functions.
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“Indeed, when confronted with others' distress, the AI, which is activated for negative affect sharing, inhibits activity in TPJ, an important hub of the mentalizing network [27 ].”
From On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“This reduction in TPJ activity is related to impaired ToM performance [27 ].”
From On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
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“ToM, in contrast, refers to cognitively representing and reasoning on others’ mental (or affective) states (Premack and Woodruff 1978; Frith and Frith, 2005).”
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Items 101–200 of 208
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“As such, both processes are distinct but can interact (Kanske et al., 2016; Maliske et al., 2023).”
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Strategic Regulation of EmpathyPreprint
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Dual role of empathy in job stress, burnout, and intention to leave among addiction specialists
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“While cognitive and affective empathy processes may operate in tandem, they are mediated by largely separable underlying mechanisms and neural substrates (Kanske et al., 2016; Preckel et al., 2018; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
Lantos, D., Costa, C., Briglia, M., Molenberghs, P., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2023) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2023.100180 · Cited by 10
“Cs = cluster size. allows the investigation of brain-behaviour associations for empathy, compassion, and ToM, as well as the distinct neural networks corresponding to these processes (Kanske et al., 2016).”
Self-citationGuo, X., Xu, C., Chen, J., Wu, Z., Hou, S., & Wei, Z. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae028 · Cited by 7
“These two components of empathy appear to be mediated by distinct neural networks (Kanske et al ., 2016), as CE is strongly associated with activity in the bilateral ventral tem-poroparietal junction (vTPJ), precuneus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and…”
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Dissonant music engages early visual processing
Bravo, F., Glogowski, J., Stamatakis, E. A., & Herfert, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2320378121 · Cited by 7
“This comparison revealed signal changes in bilateral supramarginal and inferior parietal gyrus; areas supporting implicit nonverbal ToM reasoning (82) as well as emotional and visual perspective taking, action observation, social attention, and encoding biases (104–107).”
Thompson, L. M., Tuck, N. L., Pressman, S. D., & Consedine, N. S. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz024 · Cited by 6
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“That is, several studies induced AS using spoken emotional narratives (Kanske et al., 2016; Mackes et al., 2018; Zaki et al., 2009) or by explicitly instructing participants to “feel with” others (Dziobek et al., 2011; Oliver, Vieira, Neufeld, Dziobek, & Mitchell, 2018; Spunt & Lieberman, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBehavioural and Neural Responses to Facial DisfigurementPreprint
Hartung, F. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j8v4n · Cited by 11
Does language experience and bilingualism shape empathy and emotional intelligence?
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“Although both dimensions are related to each other, they are independent in that an individual could display high cognitive empathy but low emotional empathy, both behaviourally but also neutrally (Kanske et al., 2016).”
Lim, M., Carollo, A., Bizzego, A., Chen, S. A., & Esposito, G. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240331 · Cited by 9
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Холмогорова, А. Б., Михайлович, Ц. Д., & Moskacheva, M. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2016050408 · Cited by 5
Differential Benefits of Mental Training Types for Attention, Compassion, and Theory of MindPreprint
Trautwein, F., Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k5dqb · Cited by 6
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Górska, G., Berkovich‐Ohana, A., Klimecki, O., & Trautwein, F. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289465 · Cited by 6
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Qiao, E., Corradi‐Dell’Acqua, C., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae016 · Cited by 6
“Importantly, however, although empathic sharing is usually considered independent from (or even antithetic to) ToM (Dvash and Shamay-Tsoory, 2014; Kanske et al ., 2016), advanced studies demonstrated that brain network subserving these two abilities interacted dynamically during naturalistic tasks…”
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Self-citationEmpathy and Mentalizing of Mental Health Nurses: A Cross‐Sectional Correlational Study
Free, G., Swildens, W. E., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Beekman, A. T. F., & van Meijel, B. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70002 · Cited by 6
“In contrast to this, in a study of Kanske et al. (2016), empathy and mentalizing of non-clinical individuals during social interactions were independent, both on a behavioural and neural level.”
Mentalization and empathy ontogenetic development: empirical studies review
Klimenkova, E. N. (2016) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2016240406 · Cited by 4
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“Recent research in neuroscience has provided evidence in the form of brain images to demonstrate that empathy involves socio-cognitive and socio-affective processes [37, 38], leaving the behavioral processes to other disciplines.”
BackgroundAssociations of social processing abilities with psychosocial stress sensitivity
Blasberg, J. U., Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F., Singer, T., & Engert, V. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100159 · Cited by 7
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Self-citationBernardo, G. A. D., Pecini, C., Tallone, B., Raguso, G., & Andrighetto, L. (2025) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843251340962 · Cited by 4
“Conceptually, empathy involves sharing a sensory or affective experience, whereas theory of mind refers to the recognition and awareness of another person ’ s mental states (e.g., Kanske et al., 2016).”
Eilert, D. W., Mensah, P., & Buchheim, A. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16060651 · Cited by 3
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“…in strong emotional situations, empathic sharing could hinder mentalization, decreasing the ability to understand others’ mental states (Israelashvili, Sauter, and Fischer 2020; Kanske et al. 2016), leading to a maladaptive response (e.g. aggressive behaviours) (Preckel, Kanske, and Singer 2018).”
STUDYING THE HISTORICAL PAST OF RUSSIA AND INTERPRETING THE PRESENT IN A FOREIGN AUDIENCE
Pozdnyakova, A. A., Кузнецова, Г. В., & Nikitaeva, E. B. (2023) · Человеческий капитал. · doi:10.25629/hc.2023.11.22 · Cited by 2
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“…it is important to note for the purposes of this study that the prevailing consensus in the social neuro-science literature is that cognitive and affective empathy are largely distinct processes with differentiable behavioral and anatomic substrates (Kanske et al, 2016; Shamay-Tsoory et al, 2009).”
McDonald, B., Reiter, A. M. F., & Kanske, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1364509 · Cited by 3
Self-citationViewing Another Act as You Would Creates Altruistic Desires Towards that Other
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“Explanations on altruism due to affective empathy (Feigin et al., 2014) utilize different neural processes (Kanske et al., 2016) and are not considered.”
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Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
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No evidence for disruption of empathy and mentalizing by face coverage in multimodal settings
Landmann, E., Straub, I. F., & Böckler, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25393-7 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDark Personality, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior in Convicted Offenders
Hurezan, L., Miu, A. C., Costea, A. R., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34229-3 · Cited by 1
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Constructive and destructive aspects of empathy as a consequence of its multidimensional nature
Kholodnaya, M. A., & Solovyeva, E. V. (2024) · Psikhologicheskii zhurnal · doi:10.31857/s0205959224010038 · Cited by 1
Parsing Interactive Social Cognition: Mentalizing Accuracy and Propensity in Dyadic Contexts
Pradhan, L., & Warnell, K. R. (2026) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70179 · Cited by 1
“…both feelings and propositional thoughts, akin to common mentalizing tasks (see Arioli, Cattaneo, Ricciardi, & Canessa, 2021; Bzdok et al., 2012, Kanske, Böckler, Trautwein, Parianen Lesemann, & Singer, 2016, and Schurz et al., 2021 for discussions about delineating mentalizing and empathy).”
Mohnke, S., Walter, H., & Tantchik, W. (2018) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1668316 · Cited by 1
“Studien von Kanske und Kollegen zeigten jedoch, dass Probanden, die ausgeprägte empathische Reaktionen zeigen, nicht notwendigerweise auch überlegene ToM-Fähigkeiten aufweisen (19), und folgerten, dass Empathie und ToM zwar verwandte, jedoch prinzipiell unabhängige Fähigkeiten darstellen – sozusagen verschiedene Zugan…”
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Central Neural Circuits Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Numan, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190848675.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Alloparental Behavior and Paternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Numan, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190848675.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Empathie und deren Bedeutung für das Verkauf und Vertrieb
Kettler, J. (2021) · Edition Sales Excellence · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32419-3_9 · Cited by 1
The forgotten affective route of social cognition in patients with bipolar disorders
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“They found that in highly emotional situations, empathic sharing (affective route) can inhibit mentalizing-related activity and thereby harm mentalizing performance (cognitive route) in healthy people (Kanske et al., 2016).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.-M., Parianen Lesemann, F. H., & Singer, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-04-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1383-1392
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC5015801
- OpenAlex
- W2342413551
- Semantic Scholar
- 55960e37c6377d2f0c4a358abc234123a99a4d0f
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 26.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- empathy, mentalization, theory of mind, social cognition, artificial neural networks, dynamic causal modeling, emotional events, social understanding, neural inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Humans, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Theory of Mind
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