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Are strong empathizers better mentalizers? Evidence for independence and interaction between the routes of social cognition
Open accessAbstract
Although the processes that underlie sharing others' emotions (empathy) and understanding others' mental states (mentalizing, Theory of Mind) have received increasing attention, it is yet unclear how they relate to each other. For instance, are people who strongly empathize with others also more proficient in mentalizing? And (how) do the neural networks supporting empathy and mentalizing interact? Assessing both functions simultaneously in a large sample (N = 178), we show that people's capacities to empathize and mentalize are independent, both on a behavioral and neural level. Thus, strong empathizers are not necessarily proficient mentalizers, arguing against a general capacity of social understanding. Second, we applied dynamic causal modeling to investigate how the neural networks underlying empathy and mentalizing are orchestrated in naturalistic social settings. Results reveal that in highly emotional situations, empathic sharing can inhibit mentalizing-related activity and thereby harm mentalizing performance. Taken together, our findings speak against a unitary construct of social understanding and suggest flexible interplay of distinct social functions.
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“Indeed, when confronted with others' distress, the AI, which is activated for negative affect sharing, inhibits activity in TPJ, an important hub of the mentalizing network [27 ].”
From On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“This reduction in TPJ activity is related to impaired ToM performance [27 ].”
From On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
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BackgroundImpact of Aging on Empathy: Review of Psychological and Neural Mechanisms
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BackgroundIndividual differences in empathy are associated with apathy-motivation
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Self-citationCould Acting Training Improve Social Cognition and Emotional Control?
McDonald, B., Goldstein, T. R., & Kanske, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00348 · Cited by 34
Self-citationda Costa, C. R., Soares, J. M., Oliveira‐Silva, P., Sampaio, A., & Coutinho, J. F. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.718400 · Cited by 26
“In the field of social neuroscience, SC is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that relies on two main subsystems, or routes, to construct the understanding of others with whom we interact (7, 8).”
BackgroundResultSessa, P., Lomoriello, A. S., & Luria, R. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy095 · Cited by 27
“Empathy is a multifaceted construct that consists of at least two different aspects: a “neural resonance” process, which is the automatic tendency to simulate the states of others, including sensory, motor and emotional components, and a mentalizing process, through which would be possible to explicitly assign affecti…”
BackgroundThe neurocognitive impact of loneliness and social networks on social adaptation
Franco-O’Byrne, D., Sepúlveda, J. P. M., González-Gómez, R., Ibáñez, A. M., Huepe-Artigas, D., Matus, C., Manen, R., Ayala, J., Fittipaldi, S., & Huepe, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38244-0 · Cited by 29
Empathy, compassion, and theory of mind in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Kämpf, M. S., Kanske, P., Kleiman, A., Haberkamp, A., Glombiewski, J. A., & Exner, C. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12358 · Cited by 25
Self-citationThe relationship between cognitive failures and empathy
Goodhew, S. C., & Edwards, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111384 · Cited by 23
Trach, J., Garandeau, C. F., & Malamut, S. T. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13907 · Cited by 27
Tiv, M., O’Regan, E., & Titone, D. A. (2021) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728921000225 · Cited by 21
Guendelman, S., Bayer, M., Prehn, K., & Dziobek, I. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119059 · Cited by 24
Marocchini, E., & Baldin, I. (2024) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.13095 · Cited by 27
Rivera, M. D., Birba, A., Fittipaldi, S., Mola, D. J., Morera, Y., de Vega, M., Moguilner, S., Lillo, P., Slachevsky, A., Campo, C. G., et al. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac074 · Cited by 20
Trautmann, S., Reineboth, M., Trikojat, K., Richter, J., Hagenaars, M. A., Kanske, P., & Schäfer, J. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.09.001 · Cited by 19
“The latter is the case when self-other distinction is impaired, e.g. because of individual predispositions or as a consequence of strong negative emotions (Kanske, Böckler, Trautwein, Parianen Lesemann, & Singer, 2016; Klimecki & Singer, 2012).”
Self-citationFavre, P., Kanske, P., Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118132 · Cited by 25
Self-citationAttachment and inter-individual differences in empathy, compassion, and theory of mind abilities
Gallistl, M., Kungl, M., Gabler, S., Kanske, P., Vrtička, P., & Engert, V. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2376762 · Cited by 17
“Behavioral and neural evidence indicate the independence of socio-affective social processing and ToM abilities (Kanske et al., 2016).”
Self-citationKnigge, M., Krauskopf, K., & Wagner, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00142 · Cited by 20
“There is also evidence for interactions between the constructs in such a way that higher EC can inhibit PT in affectively loaded situations (Kanske et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLim, M., Carollo, A., Bizzego, A., Chen, S. A., & Esposito, G. (2023) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2023.102098 · Cited by 15
Báez, S., Fittipaldi, S., de la Fuente, L. A., Carballo, M., Ferrando, R., Cordero, I. R. G., Campo, C. G., García, A. M., Sedeño, L., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110328 · Cited by 16
Integrative neurocognitive mechanism of empathy and counter-empathy
Fu, D., Qi, Y., Wu, H., & Liu, X. (2017) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972016-01108 · Cited by 14
Stietz, J., Pollerhoff, L., Kurtz, M., Li, S., Reiter, A. M. F., & Kanske, P. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210641 · Cited by 12
Self-citationBreil, C., Kanske, P., Pittig, R., & Böckler, A. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01589-3 · Cited by 19
Self-citationThe ends of empathy: Constructing empathy from value-based choicePreprint
Cameron, D., Cunningham, W., Saunders, B., & Inzlicht, M. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/d99bp · Cited by 16
An active inference approach to second-person neurosciencePreprint
Lehmann, K., Bolis, D., Ramstead, M. J. D., Friston, K. J., & Kanske, P. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6y5ve · Cited by 13
Self-citationPlank, I. S., Attar, C. H., Kunas, S. L., Dziobek, I., & Bermpohl, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02162-w · Cited by 15
Social anxiety is associated with personal distress and disrupted recognition of negative emotions
Israelashvili, J., Dijk, C., & Fischer, A. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24587 · Cited by 13
“Third, we operationalized performance in emotion recognition as the agreement between perceivers ’ ratings of targets ’ emotions with targets ’ self-reported emotion ratings (see also [7,60]).”
Hartung, F., Wang, Y., Mak, M., Willems, R. M., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02926-0 · Cited by 21
Pizarro‐Campagna, E., Terrett, G., Jovev, M., Rendell, P. G., Henry, J. D., & Chanen, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.097 · Cited by 15
Tsentidou, G., Μoraitou, D., & Tsolaki, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050627 · Cited by 13
Mayer, A. V., Müller‐Pinzler, L., Krach, S., & Paulus, F. M. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.001 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.-M., Parianen Lesemann, F. H., & Singer, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-04-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1383-1392
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC5015801
- OpenAlex
- W2342413551
- Semantic Scholar
- 55960e37c6377d2f0c4a358abc234123a99a4d0f
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 26.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- empathy, mentalization, theory of mind, social cognition, artificial neural networks, dynamic causal modeling, emotional events, social understanding, neural inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Humans, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Theory of Mind
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