The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toxoplasma gondii and Other Risk Factors for Schizophrenia: An Update
Open accessAbstract
The failure to find genes of major effect in schizophrenia has refocused attention on nongenetic, including infectious factors. In a previous study, antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were found to be elevated in 23 studies of schizophrenia (OR 2.73; 95% CI 2.10-3.60). The current study replicates this finding with 15 additional studies (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.93-3.80) and compares this with other identified schizophrenia risk factors. The highest risk factors are having an affected mother (relative risks [RR] 9.31; 95% CI 7.24-11.96), father (RR 7.20; 95% CI 5.10-10.16), or sibling (RR 6.99; 95% CI 5.38-9.08) or being the offspring of immigrants from selected countries (RR 4.5; 95% CI 1.5-13.1). Intermediate risk factors, in addition to infection with T. gondii, include being an immigrant from and to selected countries (RR 2.7; 95% CI 2.3-3.2), being born in (RR 2.24; 95% CI 1.92-2.61) or raised in (RR 2.75; 95% CI 2.31-3.28) an urban area, cannabis use (OR 2.10-2.93; 95% CI 1.08-6.13), having minor physical anomalies (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.42-3.58), or having a father 55 or older (OR 2.21-5.92; 95% CI 1.46-17.02). Low-risk factors include a history of traumatic brain injury (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.17-2.32), sex abuse in childhood (OR 1.46; 95% CI 0.84-2.52), obstetrical complications (OR 1.29-1.38; 95% CI 1.00-1.84), having a father 45 or older (OR 1.21-1.66; 95% CI 1.09-2.01), specific genetic polymorphisms (OR 1.09-1.24; 95% CI 1.06-1.45), birth seasonality (OR 1.07-1.95; 95% CI 1.05-2.91), maternal exposure to influenza (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.98-1.12), or prenatal stress (RR 0.98-1.00; 95% CI 0.85-1.16).
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Cites
Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review.
Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61162-3 · Cited by 2,224
Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia
†Genetic Risk and Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP), Stefansson, H., Ophoff, R. A., Steinberg, S., Andreassen, O. A., Cichon, S., Rujescu, D., Werge, T., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Mors, O., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08186 · Cited by 1,677
Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review
Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J.-P. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.12 · Cited by 1,237
Obstetric Complications and Schizophrenia: Historical and Meta-Analytic Review
Cannon, M., Jones, P. B., & Murray, R. M. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1080 · Cited by 1,137
Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, L. P., Murad, M. H., Paras, M. L., Colbenson, K. M., Sattler, A. L., Goranson, E. N., Elamin, M. B., Seime, R. J., Shinozaki, G., Prokop, L. J., et al. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0583 · Cited by 1,056
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Effects of Family History and Place and Season of Birth on the Risk of Schizophrenia
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Evidence of a Dose-Response Relationship Between Urbanicity During Upbringing and Schizophrenia Risk
Pedersen, C. B. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1039 · Cited by 630
Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis
Torrey, E. F., Bartko, J. J., Lun, Z.-R., & Yolken, R. H. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl050 · Cited by 503
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Cited by
Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment
Khandaker, G. M., Cousins, L., Deakin, J., Lennox, B. R., Yolken, R., & Jones, P. B. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00122-9 · Cited by 926
Self-citationMaternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders
Knuesel, I., Chicha, L., Britschgi, M., Schobel, S. A., Bodmer, M., Hellings, J. A., Toovey, S., & Prinssen, E. P. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.187 · Cited by 880
The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review
Torgerson, P. R., & Mastroiacovo, P. (2013) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.12.111732 · Cited by 748
Prenatal Poly(I:C) Exposure and Other Developmental Immune Activation Models in Rodent Systems
Meyer, U. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.011 · Cited by 626
Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives
Millan, M. J., Andrieux, A., Bartzokis, G., Cadenhead, K., Dazzan, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Gallinat, J., Giedd, J., Grayson, D. R., Heinrichs, M., et al. (2016) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2016.28 · Cited by 516
Metadata
- Authors
- Torrey, E. F., Bartko, J. J., & Yolken, R. H.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-03-23
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 642-647
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2120827529
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 35
- FWCI
- 26.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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