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Motor Abnormalities: From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Through “Functional” (Neuro)Psychiatric Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Background: Motor abnormalities (MAs) of severe mental disorders have been traditionally neglected both in clinical practice and research, although they are an increasing focus of attention because of their clinical and neurobiological relevance. For historical reasons, most of the literature on MAs has been focused to a great extent on schizophrenia, and as a consequence their prevalence and featural properties in other psychiatric or neuropsychiatric disorders are poorly known. In this article, we evaluated the extent to which catatonic, extrapyramidal and neurological soft signs, and their associated clinical features, are present transdiagnostically. Methods: We examined motor-related features in neurodevelopmental (schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorders), "functional" (nonschizophrenic nonaffective psychoses, mood disorders) and neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease) disorders. Examination of the literature revealed that there have been very few comparisons of motor-related features across diagnoses and we had to rely mainly in disorder-specific studies to compare it transdiagnostically. Results: One or more motor domains had a substantial prevalence in all the diagnoses examined. In "functional" disorders, MAs, and particularly catatonic signs, appear to be markers of episode severity; in chronic disorders, although with different degree of strength or evidence, all motor domains are indicators of both disorder severity and poor outcome; lastly, in Alzheimer's disease they are also indicators of disorder progression. Conclusions: MAs appear to represent a true transdiagnostic domain putatively sharing neurobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental, functional or neurodegenerative origin.
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“The National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), in its Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework matrix [76 -79], has recently proposed the incorporation of a new Sensorimotor Systems domain, composed of sub constructs such as Motor Actions, Agency and Ownership and Habits [80 -82]”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
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“In accordance with altered homotopic rsFC in the primary sensorimotor networks (preCG and postCG), motor dysfunction has also been proposed as a transdiagnostic feature across neuropsychiatric disorders (Peralta and Cuesta, 2017).”
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“Since catatonia is not an exclusive manifestation of schizophrenia (59, 61, 62) and could be of predictive value for ATPD, future research should take a dimensional approach to severity and duration of symptoms to better define and understand the prognostic differences between the broad range of existing catatonic fea…”
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Samson, G., Lahti, A. C., & Kraguljac, N. V. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00245-9 · Cited by 14
Schizophrenia polygenic risk score in psychosis proneness
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“In fact, motor impairment constitutes a key transdi-agnostic feature indexing disease severity [70, 71] and a risk factor for conversion to psychosis [72, 73].”
BackgroundMotor Issues in the Clinical High Risk Phase of Psychosis
Schiffman, J. E. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx086 · Cited by 14
Postural Control in Childhood: Investigating the Neurodevelopmental Gradient Hypothesis
Zoccante, L., Ciceri, M. L., Chamitava, L., Di Gennaro, G., Cazzoletti, L., Zanolin, M. E., Darra, F., & Colizzi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041693 · Cited by 13
“However, their persistence in late childhood is suggestive of a disrupted sensory integration, thus affecting the sequencing of complex motor acts [31,32], and seem to be related with poor cognitive performance [8] in predicting the manifestation of an NDD [8,29].”
BackgroundDonati, F. L., Kaskie, R. E., Reis, C. C., D’Agostino, A., Casali, A. G., & Ferrarelli, F. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110387 · Cited by 12
Neuromotor dysfunction as a major outcome domain of psychotic disorders: A 21-year follow-up study
Peralta, V., de Jalón, E. G., Moreno-Izco, L., Peralta, D., Janda, L., Sánchez-Torres, A. M., Cuesta, M. J., Ballesteros, A., Fañanás, L., Gil‐Berrozpe, G. J., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.026 · Cited by 11
One hundred years ago: Nijinsky and the origins of schizophrenia
Fernández-Egea, E. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy262 · Cited by 11
Motor actions across psychiatric disorders: a research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective
Osborne, K. J., Walther, S., & Mittal, V. A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102511 · Cited by 9
Towards automatic assessment of atypical early motor development?
Ossmy, O., Donati, G., Kaur, A., Sotoodeh, M. S., & Forrester, G. S. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111311 · Cited by 9
Atypical Cadherin FAT2 Is Required for Synaptic Integrity and Motor Behaviors
Wang, X., Pu, Y., Miao, J., Xie, L., Guan, L., Cui, Y., Wang, J., Qin, L., Han, Y., Wöhr, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2345-24.2025 · Cited by 8
Marchand-Krynski, M.-È., Bélanger, A.-M., Morin‐Moncet, O., Beauchamp, M. H., & Leonard, G. T. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1467421 · Cited by 10
“In addition, motor impairments are consistently reported across neurological disorders and the lifespan (Levit-Binnun, Davidovitch, & Golland, 2013; Peralta & Cuesta, 2017).”
BackgroundKent, J. S., Disner, S. G., Voorhis, A. C. V., Urošević, S., Caligiuri, M. P., & Sponheim, S. R. (2019) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000503928 · Cited by 9
Halperin, L., & Falk-Kessler, J. P. (2020) · The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.15453/2168-6408.1659 · Cited by 9
“…integration and motor coordination and planning) in this population that is unrelated to medication (Amann et al., 2016; Dazzan & Murray, 2002; Thomann et al., 2009), and there may be a relationship between NSS, illness severity, and social functioning (Jahn et al., 2006; Peralta & Cuesta, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialDhossche, D. M., de Billy, C. D. C., Laurent‐Levinson, C., Normand, M. L., Recasens, C., Robel, L., & Philippe, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186555 · Cited by 9
Szabó, Á., Galla, Z., Spekker, E., Martos, D., Szűcs, M., Fejes-Szabó, A., Fehér, Á., Takeda, K., Ozaki, K., Inoue, H., et al. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14211711 · Cited by 11
Cuesta, M. J., & Peralta, V. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.040 · Cited by 7
Galvañ, J., Campayo, J. S., Ayora, M., Gil, S., Rossum, I. W.-V., Berger, G. E., Leucht, S., Kahn, R. S., Arango, C., & Díaz‐Caneja, C. M. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.06.007 · Cited by 6
“Historically, MA were conceptualized within two main constructs: catatonia, regarded as intrinsic to the illness, and extrapy-ramidal symptoms (EPS), considered side effects of AP (Cuesta et al., 2017, 2014; Peralta et al., 2010; Peralta and Cuesta, 2017, 2011).”
Factor analysis and validation of the Bush Francis catatonia rating scale-Spain version
Serrat, F., Cuevas‐Esteban, J., Baladón, L., Rabaneda‐Lombarte, N., Díez, C., & Iglesias-González, M. (2023) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2023.07.004 · Cited by 6
Gait examination in catatonia using 3D optical markerless motion tracking
Altinok, D. C. A., Volkmer, S., Ohl, K., Brandt, G. A., Daub, J., Fritze, S., Peretzke, R., Neher, P., Northoff, G., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.05.022 · Cited by 6
Liu, Y.-C., Huang, P.-C., Lee, Y.-C., Chu, C.-L., Yang, Y. K., Chen, P. S., & Lin, K. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102456 · Cited by 6
Possible Commonalities of Clinical Manifestations Between Dystonia and Catatonia
Ishizuka, K., Tachibana, M., & Inada, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.876678 · Cited by 6
“dystonia (mild torticollis with anterocollis); (7,8) cervical dystonia (severe torticollis); (9,10) Pisa syndrome; (11,12) cervical dystonia (retrocollis).”
BackgroundGil‐Berrozpe, G. J., Peralta, V., Sánchez-Torres, A. M., Moreno-Izco, L., de Jalón, E. G., Peralta, D., Janda, L., Cuesta, M. J., Ballesteros, A., Hernández, R., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.046 · Cited by 6
Cuesta, M. J., Gil‐Berrozpe, G. J., Sánchez-Torres, A. M., Moreno-Izco, L., de Jalón, E. G., & Peralta, V. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115614 · Cited by 6
Haralanov, S., Haralanova, E., Milushev, E., Shkodrova, D., & Claussen, C. F. (2018) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12917 · Cited by 6
Wang, S., Lin, C., Tse, T. H.-Y., Chu, H.-L., Liu, C.-H., Ng, T. H., Tse, C.-K., Wong, W.-M., & Chan, S. H. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01193-0 · Cited by 6
Die sensomotorische Domäne im Research-Domain-Criteria-System: Fortschritte und Perspektiven
Hirjak, D., Fritze, S., Northoff, G., Kubera, K. M., & Wolf, R. C. (2021) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-021-01144-7 · Cited by 6
Wang, Y., Braam, E. E., Wannan, C., Rheenen, T. E. V., Chan, R. C. K., Nelson, B., McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Lin, A. P., Brewer, W. J., et al. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01300-9 · Cited by 5
“Sensorimotor dysfunction is common across many mental disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease [1–3], and represent abnormalities like catatonic signs, parkinsonism signs, abnormal involuntary movements, psychomotor slowing, and neurological soft signs (NSS) […”
BackgroundWieting, J., Baumann, M. V., Deest‐Gaubatz, S., Bleich, S., Eberlein, C. K., Frieling, H., & Deest, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66723-5 · Cited by 5
“NSS are evidenced across a variety of conditions, pointing towards a transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental impairment in psychiatric diseases 11 .”
BackgroundMeyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx129 · Cited by 5
Catatonia: regreso al futuro del síndrome neuropsiquiátrico
Cuevas‐Esteban, J., Sanagustín, D., & Iglesias-González, M. (2021) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2021.10.015 · Cited by 5
Catatonia: Back to the future of the neuropsychiatric syndrome
Cuevas‐Esteban, J., Sanagustín, D., & Iglesias-González, M. (2022) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2022.03.005 · Cited by 5
Assessing Psychomotor Disturbances among Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Song, L.-Y., Lyu, Z., Xie, J.-Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Chen, A., Huang, T., & Yuan, T. (2025) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000546909 · Cited by 4
“Psychomotor disturbances could be a potential phenotypic feature for their wide existence in different mental disorders [7], including major depressive disorders (MDD) [8–13], bipolar disorders (BD) [14–18], and schizophrenia (SCZ) [19–23].”
Aberrant preparation of hand movement in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: an fMRI study
Rashid, H. A., Kircher, T. T. J., & Straube, B. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf148 · Cited by 4
Motor stereotypies in toddlers with and without autism: A transdiagnostic dimension
Chawarska, K., Fernandez, T. V., Milgramm, A., Volkmar, F., Torres‐Viso, M., Powell, K. K., Vernetti, A., Macari, S. L., & Morgan, C. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70023 · Cited by 4
Kristiansen, K., Vernal, D. L., & Hulgaard, D. R. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02522-7 · Cited by 4
“Catatonia is a severe neuropsychiatric psychomotor syndrome characterized by a broad range of motor abnormalities, affectivity disturbances, and complex behaviors [16].”
Clinical Consequences of Motor Behavior as Transdiagnostic Phenomenon
van Harten, P. N., & Pieters, L. E. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac025 · Cited by 4
Blose, B. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1697871 · Cited by 4
“…due to the fact that NSS are both risk indicators for the disorder, as they are present before the development of psychosis (consistent with a neurodevelopmental process), and tend to worsen with increasing illness severity and chronicity (218) (consistent with a neurodegenerative process).”
The Association Between Childhood Impaired Motor Development and Adolescent Psychotic Experiences
Hamers, P. C. M., Bouter, D. C., Dieleman, S., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Mil, N. H. G. (2025) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70049 · Cited by 3
Sorraksa, N., Kaokaen, P., Kunhorm, P., Heebkaew, N., Promjantuek, W., & Noisa, P. (2024) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-024-03957-0 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, we combined HPI-1 and NZ in this experiment.”
Multidimensional outcome of first-episode psychosis: a network analysis
Cuesta, M. J., Gil‐Berrozpe, G. J., Sánchez-Torres, A. M., Moreno-Izco, L., de Jalón, E. G., Peralta, V., & SEGPEPs Group (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724003465 · Cited by 3
“Eighth, despite neuromotor domain has been scarcely studied, there is strong evidence supporting that baseline neurological soft-signs predict poor functional or symptomatic outcome in FEP patients (Cuesta et al., 2018; Peralta & Cuesta, 2017b).”
O’Shaughnessy, K. L., Oshiro, W. M., Jackson, T. W., Starnes, H. M., Sasser, A. L., & McMichael, B. D. (2023) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2023.09.002 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (ES)
- ORCID
- Cuesta, Manuel J
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-07-22
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 956-971
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC5581892
- OpenAlex
- W2737738292
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 251
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/02148)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Keywords
- motor abnormalities, transdiagnostic markers
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Movement Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders
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