The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Inadequate Sleep as a Risk Factor for Obesity: Analyses of the NHANES I
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep deprivation has been hypothesized to contribute toward obesity by decreasing leptin, increasing ghrelin, and compromising insulin sensitivity. This study examines cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a large United States sample to determine whether sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses of the 1982-1984, 1987, and 1992 NHANES I Followup Studies and cross-sectional analysis of the 1982-1984 study. SETTING: Probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Sample sizes of 9,588 for the cross-sectional analyses, 8,073 for the 1987, and 6,981 for the 1992 longitudinal analyses. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Measured weight in 1982-1984 and self-reported weights in 1987 and 1992. Subjects between the ages of 32 and 49 years with self-reported sleep durations at baseline less than 7 hours had higher average body mass indexes and were more likely to be obese than subjects with sleep durations of 7 hours. Sleep durations over 7 hours were not consistently associated with either an increased or decreased likelihood of obesity in the cross-sectional and longitudinal results. Each additional hour of sleep at baseline was negatively associated with change in body mass index over the follow-up period, but this association was small and statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that sleep duration is associated with obesity in a large longitudinally monitored United States sample. These observations support earlier experimental sleep studies and provide a basis for future studies on weight control interventions that increase the quantity and quality of sleep.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep duration (quantity) has been associated with an increased risk of obesity (3–6,51), type 2 diabetes (7–11), hypertension (12), cardiovascular disease (13,14), metabolic syndrome (a combination of cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction) (15), and early mortality (14,16,17,19–21,52).”
From Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Gangwisch et al. 88 reported that while individuals between 32-49 years of age who self-reported sleeping less than 7 h per night had greater BMIs than individuals who slept 7 h or more each night in cross-sectional analysis at baseline and follow-up examinations, sleep duration was not significantly associated with 8-10 years longitudinal change in BMI (β = -0.053,p = 0.27).”
From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Short sleepers experience greater weight increases over time according to most,4,18–22 but not all studies.17,23,24”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, and prospective mortality.”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Young children, being unmarried (19,26), working long hours (11,27,28), overweight and obesity (3-5), and measures of poor health (13,14,16,20,37,38,40) including acute and chronic respiratory conditions, pain, and anxiety increase the odds of short sleep and have a null or inverse association with long sleep.”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“self-reported sleep duration reliably predicts prospective mortality and other health outcomes (1-7, 13-18).”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“These short- term effects of sleep deprivation are significant when one considers epidemiologic evidence showing that reduced sleep duration is associated with increased body mass and obesity in the NHANES study.44”
From Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, shorter sleep times have been associated with increased obesity.44”
From Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Reduced sleep duration was reported to be associated with increased body mass and obesity in the NHANES study20”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 910
Barron, N. M. (2021) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/8541917
Psychosocial factors in relation to risk of diabetes and weight gain in African-American women
Bacon, K. L. (2016) · OpenBU (Boston University)
Biopsychological Factors and Body Weight Stability
Chaput, J., & Tremblay, A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374387-9.00014-3
Future Directions in Obesity Research and Treatment
Stein, R. J., Birkenfeld, K., & MacPhee, R. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13781-56
Is There a Future for Gene Therapy in Obesity?
Zolotukhin, S. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420051452-30
Clinical Trials and the Development of New Therapeutics for Insomnia
Zammit, G. K. (2010) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420080803.038
Itsuko, B., Kubo, Y., & Kobayashi, T. (2016) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2016.811112
Genome wide methylation analysis and obesity related traits
Nilsson, E. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Shift work and cardiovascular risk factors : Prevention among airline employees
Viitasalo, K. (2016) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Sleep-wake Cycle Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes and Salivary Melatonin Correlates
Cavalcanti, P. (2013) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University)
An empirical analysis of health implications and costs of obesity in Appalachia
Bandara, S. J. H. (2012) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.4865
Short sleep duration in relation to body weight and blood pressure among Czech adults
Kapounová, Z., Forejt, M., & Vašků, J. B. (2015) · Journal of Nursing Social Studies Public Health and Rehabilitation · doi:10.32725/jnss.2015.001
14: Body Composition and Public Safety The Industrial Athlete
Davis, P. O., & Abel, M. G. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351260008-14
Sleep, Obesity, and the Adolescent Population: A Literature Review
Al-Hafian, K. M. (2012) · Research Exchange (Washington State University)
Sleep and obesity. A preliminary study conducted at the sleep laboratory at Montfort Hospital
(2012) · Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie · doi:10.4414/sanp.2012.02400
Exercise, Diet, and Obese Adolescents
Gómez-Abellán, P., & Garaulet, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420168-2.00009-0
Does Working Long Hours Cause Obesity? The Case of the Reduction in South Korea’s Standard WorkweekPreprint
Kim, E. H., Ahn, S., & Kyung, Y. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3044172
Impact of Circadian and Sleep Disruption on Metabolic Health and Behavior
Stothard, E. R. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Bezuidenhout, H. P. (2012) · Nelson Mandela University Research Repository
Effects of short-term sleep restriction on energy balance in healthy young adults
Chen, J. (2011) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Griffin, J., Gibson, R., Pérez‐Pevida, B., Scholtz, S., Rose, E., Ahmed, A., Purkayastha, S., Chahal, H., Frost, G. S., Bloom, S. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12535
Reciprocal Interactions Among OSA, Obesity, and Sleep Duration
Chin, K., & Tachikawa, R. (2018) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-018-0176-0
Sleep disruption as a pathway to mania in bipolar disorder
Lewis, K. S. (2017) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Περιβολάρη, Α. (2018) · Dione (University of Piraeus)
Nacional, I. P., Alva, G. L., Aguilera-Sosa, V. R., Nacional, I. P., Lara‐Padilla, E., Nacional, I. P., Choreño, J. D. R., Nacional, I. P., Moreno, A. E. T., Nacional, I. P., et al. (2017) · Revista Mexicana de Investigación en Psicología · doi:10.32870/rmip.vi.538
Schlafen – und vielleicht auch alles andere richtig machen
West, C., & Egger, G. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23274-9.00018-6
Ramı́rez, M., Garibay‐Cerdenares, O. L., Martínez-Santos, V. I., & Parra‐Rojas, I. (2017) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)
Sleep and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults
Hamidi, A. (2018) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.4225/23/5ad43549ee0cf
Privación de sueño y somnolencia
Chokroverty, S. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8086-733-7.00003-6
Sleep and Nonrespiratory Physiology—Impact on Selected Medical Disorders
Berry, R. B. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0326-9.00030-0
Pardi, D. (2019) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)
Alvarenga, S. C. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.25.2019.tde-24012019-095137
A meta-analysis of genetic and environmental factors impacting on obesity
KOPINIAK, A., & Rębacz‐Maron, E. (2018) · Acta Biologica · doi:10.18276/ab.2018.25-08
The efficacy of Bikram yoga in stressed and sedentary adults
Hewett, Z. L. (2017)
Sleep Problems and Disorders Associations With Eating Behavior and Obesity
Soares, M. J., & Macedo, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816658-1.00035-1
Moderate Sleep Restriction and Body Composition
Wang, X. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816658-1.00024-7
Pinkule, I. (2012) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
Mostarda, C. T., Barboza, C. D. A., Cutrim, A. L. C., Silva‐Filho, A. C., Dias, C. J. M., Brito-Monzani, J. D. O., & Rodrigues, B. (2021) · Clinics · doi:10.6061/clinics/2021/e1826
The Linkage Between Fitness, Nutrition And Mind For Our Well-Being, Abundance And Health.Preprint
Feldman, A. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.5281/zenodo.812319
Sleep in Obese Children and Adolescents
Lebenthal, Y., & Tauman, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65574-7_47
Unobtrusive Respiratory Monitoring of Sleeping Subjects by Multiple Bioradars
Anishchenko, L. N., Lobanova, V., Коростовцева, Л. С., Викторович, Б. М., & Sviryaev, Y. V. (2021) · URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium · doi:10.23919/ursigass51995.2021.9560436
Sleeping Habits and Nutritional State of Pre-schools
Haider, J. C. M. C., Pellanda, L. C., & Gonçalves, J. S. (2021) · Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health · doi:10.31080/asnh.2020.05.0941
Donzella, S. M., Lind, K. E., Skiba, M. B., Farland, L. V., Thomson, C. A., Werts, S. J., Bell, M. L., LeBlanc, E. S., Weitlauf, J. C., Hery, C. M. B., et al. (2022) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-021-06486-z
O’Brien, K., & Blair, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78559-8_8
Lingard, H. C., & Wakefield, R. R. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119159933.refs
(2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10790-15
Bandara, S. J. H., & Kodippili, A. (2022) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v14n5p48
Medical Journal Watch: Context and Applications
Challem, J. (2010) · Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/act.2010.16403
Disorders of Sleep and Cardiovascular Disease
Naughton, M. T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_20-1
Levine, T. B., & Levine, A. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118480045.ch8
Socioeconomic Inequalities and Sleep duration; Evidence from a large Kurdish Cohort Study in IranPreprint
Abdollahpour, I., Shushtari, Z. J., Najafi, F., Pasdar, Y., Moradinazar, M., Hamzeh, B., sajjadipour, M., & Salimi, Y. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.20810/v1
O’Brien, K., & Sali, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56632-0_4
Marcus, D. A., & Deodhar, A. A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1609-9_8
Exploring Disease Association from the NHANES Data
Xing, Z., & Pei, J. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-474-1.ch010
Azri, M. A., Mokhta, S. N. A. M., Talib, S. S., Baharudin, N. S., Ainuddin, H. A., Daud, A. Z. C., Yang, M. K. A. A. R., & HALIM, M. A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i10/15461
Dietary and Lifestyle Practices of People Who Use Drugs
Mahboub, N. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221221nm
Okorie, C. U. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00134-5
INFLUÊNCIA DA PRIVAÇÃO DO SONO SOBRE A OBESIDADE E PARÂMETROS METABÓLICOS
Bertuci, J. V. F., Rodrigues, C. B., dos Anjos, G. A., & Adami, E. R. (2023) · Simpósio Internacional Interdisciplinar dos Cursos da Área da Saúde · doi:10.17648/siics-2022-159572
The effect of high-protein and low-calorie diets on sleep quality in individuals with obesityPreprint
Javaheri, F. S. H., Ostadrahimi, A., Nematy, M., Amini, M., & Mahmoudifar, K. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2663633/v1
Sleep Quality Among Patients with Myocardial Infarction
Suryavanshi, M., Shruti, & Sharma, Y. P. (2022) · Nursing & Midwifery Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0974150x221128992
Prevalence Of Sleep Disorders Among Medical Students Of Lahore and Their Correlation with Obesity
Akram, A., Qasim, M., Shahid, N. U. A., Kazmi, T. H., & Farhat, S. (2023) · Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore · doi:10.47489/szmc.v37i4.437
Relação entre a composição corporal e indicadores metabólicos com a actimetria do sono no adulto
Machado, L. A. M. W. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2023.tde-10112023-163029
Übergewicht/Fettleibigkeit und gleichzeitige Störungen, Symptome, Verhalten und Körpertemperatur
Brown, R. F., & Umar, Y. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55637-1_3
Gan, W., Han, F., Hu, Y., & Liu, X. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4630665/v1
Narisawa, H., Ito, W., Ishii, S., Kimura, S. H., Sasaki, K., & Honda, M. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology · doi:10.5674/jjppp.2408oa
Sleep Dysfunction, Night Eating, and Food Addiction
Nolan, L. J., & Geliebter, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190671051.003.0009
Šimková, S. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Social Studies Public Health and Rehabilitation · doi:10.32725/jnss.2020.001
Muzammil, F. M., Iqbal, Y., Thahira, M., Riyaz, S., Musthafa, M., & Otim, M. E. (2025) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202412.1160.v2
Chinnalai, N., Chinnalai, A., & Saiphoklang, N. (2025) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2024.0037
Non-pharmacologic Interventions for Overweight and Obesity
Basinger, R. L., & Dyke, A. V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88835-9_11
Paid family leave is an investment in public health, not a handout
Saxbe, D. (2019) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.jhpx7jhdt
Traunmüller, C., & Schwerdtfeger, A. R. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-03046-3
Selen, H. (2025) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2025.27037
Hovsepian, V., Minasian, V., & Shanazari, Z. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291095/v1
Hense, S., & Bayer, O. (2012) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-012-0565-x
Adolescent sleep: Patterns, perceptions and coping behaviors
Orzech, K. M. (2010) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
The sleep of the child – the parent's stressor? : A study within the ABIS project
Palmstierna, P. (2009) · DiVA (Linkoping University)
The association of sex with cardiometabolic disease risk in Ghana
Assasie, E. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.26174/thesis.lboro.12924833
Patel, D. K. (2020) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Lopez-Gonzales, E., Ussar, S., & München, T. U. (2022) · mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)
Der Einfluss der Ernährung auf das Darm-Mikrobiom und das Schlafverhalten
Wiegank, C. (2024) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)
Chowdhury-Paulino, I. M. (2023) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Manque de sommeil et maladies métaboliques
Guyon, A. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7335d3efz7b92z4c08z8e32z2fe58a54983e
La somniloquie : un modèle pour l'étude de la consolidation mnésique verbale pendant le sommeil
Uguccioni, G. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e340385dzc46bz4e59z9c16z216cb0dd5810
Sleep-related behaviours and their associations with overweight, obesity and hypertension in adults
Pastrnáková, J., Šubová, L., Gažarová, M., Lenártová, P., Górnicka, M., & Habánová, M. (2025) · Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny · doi:10.32394/rpzh/220202
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Severe Obesity Among U.S. Adults: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Budhathoki, N., & Inungu, J. N. (2026) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/jobe/3831008
Depression Associated with Other Medical Conditions
Sunzeri, F., & Sunzeri, E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_12
Metadata
- Authors
- Gangwisch, J. E., Malaspina, D., Boden-Albala, B., & Heymsfield, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gangwisch, James E.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1289-1296
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2222722063
- Cited by
- 905
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 59.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Chicago
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH013043)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sleep deprivation, obesity, body mass index, weight gain, leptin, ghrelin, insulin sensitivity, NHANES I, weight management interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Deprivation, Smoking, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
