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Cited by 192Sleep and related disordersCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity

Open access
Lucassen, Eliane A., Rother, Kristina I., Cizza, Giovanni·2012·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06655.xPMC PMC3418485
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Abstract

In the last 50 years, the average self‐reported sleep duration in the United States has decreased by 1.5–2 hours in parallel with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Epidemiological studies and meta‐analyses report a strong relationship between short or disturbed sleep, obesity, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism. This relationship is likely to be bidirectional and causal in nature, but many aspects remain to be elucidated. Sleep and the internal circadian clock influence a host of endocrine parameters. Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes. On the other hand, psychological, endocrine, and anatomical abnormalities in individuals with obesity and/or diabetes can interfere with sleep duration and quality, thus creating a vicious cycle. In this review, we address mechanisms linking sleep with metabolism, highlight the need for studies conducted in real‐life settings, and explore therapeutic interventions to improve sleep, with a potential beneficial effect on obesity and its comorbidities.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that short or disturbed sleep is bidirectionally linked with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes through endocrine, metabolic, immune, and circadian pathways. It concludes that improving sleep may help counter obesity/diabetes epidemics, but causality and optimal interventions remain unresolved.

Key findings

  • In the last 50 years, average self-reported U.S. sleep duration decreased by 1.5–2 hours alongside rising obesity and diabetes; a meta-analysis of 45 cross-sectional studies (604,509 adults, 30,002 children) found short sleep associated with obesity (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.43–1.68 in adults; OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.46–2.43 in children).
  • Short sleep is associated with diabetes: a study of 174,542 middle-aged subjects reported OR 1.46 (1.31–1.63) after 3–10 years, and a meta-analysis of 10 prospective studies reported pooled OR 1.28 (1.03–1.60), with the association present only in men (OR 2.07; 1.16–3.72).
  • Experimental sleep curtailment impairs glucose metabolism: e.g., 20% increase in insulin resistance by ivGTT and 11% by clamp after 7 nights of 5-hour bedtimes; 21% increased insulin resistance after 3 nights of 4-hour bedtimes in type 1 diabetes; 25% increased insulin resistance after sleep fragmentation.
  • Sleep loss also alters appetite/energy balance: increased hunger, increased food intake (e.g., 22% in one study; 12% in another), decreased leptin (~18% after partial sleep deprivation), increased ghrelin, and reduced resting/postprandial energy expenditure in some acute studies.

Methods

  • Narrative review synthesizing epidemiologic evidence, meta-analyses, physiological studies of normal sleep, and experimental human sleep-curtailment studies.
  • Central evidence table summarizes 37 human experimental studies of total sleep deprivation, partial sleep deprivation, and sleep fragmentation, with outcomes including glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, appetite hormones, cortisol, thyroid hormones, GH, sympathovagal balance, and inflammatory markers.
  • The review also discusses reverse pathways (obesity/diabetes affecting sleep), circadian/melatonin mechanisms, and proposed therapeutic interventions; no new primary data are reported.

Limitations

  • The paper states that causality remains unclear even in prospective studies, because sleep extension/curtailment cannot be blinded and participants may not adhere to allocation; existing prospective studies are observational.
  • The paper states that experimental studies are mostly acute, conducted in healthy lean volunteers, not in real-life settings, often with small sample sizes and variable control of food intake and physical activity; effects may differ in chronic sleep deprivation, natural short sleepers, obese/insulin-resistant individuals, and chronic insomniacs.
  • The paper notes that epidemiologic studies often lack objective sleep duration measurement, that experimental studies are mostly conducted in males, and that melatonin’s metabolic benefits remain unproven in rigorous randomized trials; evident from the text, many findings are heterogeneous and some are based on very small samples.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06655.x

Cites

178 of 178 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 215 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    Sleep curtailment in humans increases appetite.

    “Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Sleep curtailment in humans leads to more insulin resistance.

    “Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Sleep curtailment in humans possibly decreases energy expenditure.

    “Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Sleep curtailment in humans causes immunological changes.

    “Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Psychological, endocrine, and anatomical abnormalities in individuals with obesity and/or diabetes can interfere with sleep duration and quality, creating a vicious cycle.

    “On the other hand, psychological, endocrine, and anatomical abnormalities in individuals with obesity and/or diabetes can interfere with sleep duration and quality, thus creating a vicious cycle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 58
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 45

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Obese subjects often suffer from sleep-disordered breathing, which induces frequent microawakenings and loss of slow-wave sleep.

    “We recently reported that obese subjects often suffer from sleep-disordered breathing, which induces frequent microawakenings and loss of SWS.148”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Knutson KL Zhao X Mattingly M Galli G Cizza G Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in obese adults who are chronic short sleepers Sleep Med 2012 13 484 489 22326831 PMC3323698 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent review summarizing 12 studies from 15 countries from 1960 to 2000 did not find a consistent decrease in self-reported adult sleep duration; it increased in seven countries, decreased in six, and was inconsistent for the United States and Sweden.

    “A recent review article summarizing 12 studies from 15 countries from 1960 to 2000 did not find a consistent decrease in self-reported adult sleep duration: self-reported sleep duration had increased in seven countries, decreased in six, and results were inconsistent for the United States and Sweden.12”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Bin YS Marshall NS Glozier N Secular trends in adult sleep duration: A systematic review Sleep Med. Rev 2012 16 223 230 22075214 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Imprecision in assessing sleep duration, as well as socioeconomic and demographic factors, may play a role in the heterogeneity of secular trends in sleep duration.

    “Imprecision in assessing sleep duration, as well as socioeconomic and demographic factors may play a role in this heterogeneity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Accumulating evidence points to an association between sleep curtailment and obesity and type 2 diabetes.

    “Accumulating evidence has pointed to an association between sleep curtailment and obesity,4,5 type 2 diabetes,6–9 and possibly mortality (see Ref. 10 for a review).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [4] Hasler G Buysse DJ Klaghofer R The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-Year prospective study Sleep 2004 27 661 666 15283000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Taheri S Lin L Austin D Young T Mignot E Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased Body Mass Index (BMI) Sleep 2004 27 A146 A147 PMC535701 15602591

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Ayas NT White DP Al-Delaimy WK A prospective study of sleep duration and coronary heart disease in women Arch. Intern. Med 2003 163 205 209 12546611 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Björkelund C Bondyr-Carlsson D Lapidus L Sleep disturbances in midlife unrelated to 32-year diabetes incidence: the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg Diabetes Care 2005 28 2739 2744 16249549 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Yaggi HK Araujo AB McKinlay JB Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2006 29 657 661 16505522 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Gangwisch JE Heymsfield SB Boden-Albala B Sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes incidence in a large US sample Sleep 2007 30 1667 1673 18246976 PMC2276127 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relationship between short or disturbed sleep, obesity, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism is likely bidirectional and causal in nature.

    “This relationship is likely to be bidirectional and causal in nature, but many aspects remain to be elucidated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Worldwide, secular trends in adult sleep duration may be more variable.

    “Worldwide, secular trends in adult sleep duration may be more variable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Bin YS Marshall NS Glozier N Secular trends in adult sleep duration: A systematic review Sleep Med. Rev 2012 16 223 230 22075214 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis of 45 cross-sectional studies including 604,509 adults and 30,002 children confirmed the relationship between short sleep and obesity and quantified the associated risk (OR 1.55 for adults; OR 1.89 for children).

    “A meta-analysis of 45 cross-sectional studies, including 604,509 adults and 30,002 children, confirmed the relationship between short sleep (generally fewer than five hours per night in adults and fewer than 10 hours per night in children) and obesity, and quantified the associated risk (OR 1.55; 1.43–1.68; OR 1.89; 1.46–2.43, for adults and children, respectively).13”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Cappuccio FP Taggart FM Kandala NB Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults Sleep 2008 31 619 626 18517032 PMC2398753 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus by feedback loops of transcripts of a group of "core clock" genes, including the CLOCK gene.

    “Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus by feedback loops of transcripts of a group of “core clock” genes, including the CLOCK gene.40,41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Kohsaka A Laposky AD Ramsey KM High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice Cell Metab 2007 6 414 421 17983587 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Asher G Schibler U Crosstalk between components of circadian and metabolic cycles in mammals Cell Metab 13 125 137 21284980 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Short sleepers (fewer than five to six hours) gained 2 kg more in a 6-year study and 0.4 kg more in a 16-year study.

    “Short sleepers (fewer than five to six hours) gained 2 kg more in a 6-year study,19 and 0.4 kg more in another 16-year study.18”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Chaput JP Després JP Bouchard C Tremblay A The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study Sleep 2008 31 517 523 18457239 PMC2279744 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Patel SR Malhotra A White DP Gottlieb DJ Hu FB Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women Am. J. Epidemiol 2006 164 947 954 16914506 PMC3496783 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The variability in the association between sleep duration and diabetes may be real and differ on the basis of ethnic group and socio-economic status; a study found increased risk of developing diabetes only in Whites and Hispanics who slept fewer than seven hours.

    “In addition, this variability may be real and differ on the basis of ethnic group and socio-economic status: a study found increased risk of developing diabetes only in Whites and Hispanics who slept fewer than seven hours.36”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Beihl DA Liese AD Haffner SM Sleep duration as a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort Ann. Epidemiol 2009 19 351 357 19362278 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both long sleep (OR 1.48; 1.13-1.96) and decreased sleep efficiency resulted in greater chances of developing diabetes.

    “Both long sleep (OR 1.48; 1.13–1.96) and decreased sleep efficiency also resulted in greater chances of developing diabetes.31”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Cappuccio FP D’Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Care 2010 33 414 420 19910503 PMC2809295 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Short sleep may affect metabolism differently in natural "short sleepers" versus chronically sleep-deprived individuals.

    “For example, short sleep may affect metabolism differently in natural “short sleepers” versus chronically sleep-deprived individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Many metabolic parameters display diurnal rhythms, which are the resultant of both homeostatic and circadian mechanisms.

    “Many metabolic parameters display diurnal rhythms, which are the resultant of both homeostatic and circadian mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many mechanisms may be responsible for insulin resistance in obese individuals, including increased release of free fatty acids, leptin, and TNF-α from adipose tissue.

    “Many mechanisms may be responsible for the frequently observed insulin resistance in obese individuals, including increased release of free fatty acids, leptin, and TNF-α from adipose tissue.26”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Boden G Shulman GI Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction Eur. J. Clin. Invest 2002 32 14 23 12028371 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The amount of weight gain over time associated with short sleep varied greatly, ranging from less than 1 kg to several kg, and age may modulate this association.

    “The amount of weight gain over time, however, varied greatly, ranging from less than 1 kg to several kg, and age may be one of the parameters modulating this association.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The magnitude of the effect of short sleep on weight gain may be gender dependent or depend on other yet-to-be identified genetic and environmental factors.

    “Thus, there is a large variability among studies in weight gain associated with short sleep for unknown reasons: the magnitude of this effect may be gender dependent or depend on other yet-to-be identified genetic and environmental factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Subjects had a 35% greater chance of gaining more than 5 kg in 6 years and a 31% greater chance of gaining more than 15 kg in 16 years.

    “In addition, subjects had a 35% and 31% greater chance of gaining more than 5 kg in 6 years, and gaining more than 15 kg in 16 years, respectively.18,19”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Patel SR Malhotra A White DP Gottlieb DJ Hu FB Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women Am. J. Epidemiol 2006 164 947 954 16914506 PMC3496783 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Chaput JP Després JP Bouchard C Tremblay A The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study Sleep 2008 31 517 523 18457239 PMC2279744 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Cortisol and growth hormone are powerful modulators of circadian rhythms of glucose metabolism.

    “Thyroid hormones are important determinants of EE; cortisol and GH are powerful modulators of circadian rhythms of glucose metabolism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plasma insulin levels display a modest diurnal variation with a 10% excursion, a nadir between midnight and 6 am and a peak between noon and 6 pm.

    “Plasma insulin levels also display a modest diurnal variation with a 10% excursion, a nadir between midnight and 6 am and a peak between noon and 6 pm.60”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Boden G Ruiz J Ubrain J Chen X Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin secretion Am. J. Physiol 1996 271 E246 E252 8770017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by the adipocytes in an inverse fashion compared to fat mass.

    “Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by the adipocytes in an inverse fashion compared to fat mass.61”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Stanley K Wynne K McGowan B Bloom S Hormonal regulation of food intake Physiol. Rev 2005 85 1131 1158 16183909 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Thyroid stimulating hormone levels rise at night, mostly due to increased hypothalamic secretion of thyroid releasing hormone.

    “Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels rise at night, mostly due to increased hypothalamic secretion of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) (Fig. 2).48”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Van Coevorden A Mockel J Laurent E Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men Am. J. Physiol 1991 260 E651 E661 2018128 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Somatostatin and growth hormone releasing hormone are secreted in alternation, thus generating the typical pulsatile pattern of growth hormone secretion.

    “Somatostatin and GHRH are secreted in alternation, thus generating the typical pulsatile pattern of GH secretion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Growth hormone secretion is under dual hypothalamic control: somatostatin is inhibitory and growth hormone releasing hormone is stimulatory.

    “GH secretion is under dual hypothalamic control: somatostatin is inhibitory and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is stimulatory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Time-keeping signals are passed on from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to oscillators in peripheral tissues also containing core clock genes.

    “Time-keeping signals are passed on from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to oscillators in peripheral tissues also containing core clock genes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Kohsaka A Laposky AD Ramsey KM High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice Cell Metab 2007 6 414 421 17983587 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Asher G Schibler U Crosstalk between components of circadian and metabolic cycles in mammals Cell Metab 13 125 137 21284980 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory properties: in vitro exposure to adiponectin decreases macrophage activation and TNF-α production.

    “Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory properties: in vitro exposure to adiponectin decreases macrophage activation and TNF-α production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Growth hormone levels were lower in slow-wave-sleep-deprived individuals and higher in individuals with pharmacologically induced slow-wave sleep.

    “GH levels were lower in SWS-deprived individuals50 and higher in individuals with pharmacologically induced SWS.51”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [50] Karacan I Rosenbloom AL Williams RL Finley WW Hursch CJ Slow wave sleep deprivation in relation to plasma growth hormone concentration Behav. Neuropsychiatry 1971 2 11 14 4327760

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Van Cauter E Plat L Scharf MB Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young men J. Clin. Invest 1997 100 745 753 9239423 PMC508244 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In humans, plasma adiponectin levels correlated negatively with insulin resistance, and higher levels correlated with future weight gain in 1,063 women.

    “In humans, plasma adiponectin levels correlated negatively with insulin resistance, and higher levels correlated with future weight gain in 1,063 women.63,64”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [63] Hivert MF Sullivan LM Fox CS Associations of adiponectin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with insulin resistance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2008 93 3165 3172 18492747 PMC2515087 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Hivert MF Sun Q Shrader P Higher adiponectin levels predict greater weight gain in healthy women in the Nurses’ Health Study Obesity 2011 19 409 415 20814416 PMC3119857 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GHRH injection increased glucose levels at awakening by almost 50% and growth hormone administration rapidly decreased muscular glucose uptake.

    “GHRH injection increased glucose levels at awakening by almost 50%56 and GH administration rapidly decreased muscular glucose uptake.55,57”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [56] Byrne M Sturis J Blackman JD Polonsky KS van Cauter E 1992 Decreased glucose tolerance during sleep may be partially mediated by GH. Program of the 74th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, San Antonio, TX (Abstract 40)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Møller N Jorgensen JOL Schmitz O Effects of a growth hormone pulse on total and forearm substrate fluxes in humans Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 1990 258 E86 E91 2405702 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Møller N Butler PC Antsiferov MA Alberti KGMM Effects of growth hormone on insulin sensitivity and forearm metabolism in normal man Diabetologia 1989 32 105 110 2656349 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Individuals with type 2 diabetes typically have low adiponectin levels, even when adjusted for body weight.

    “Individuals with type 2 diabetes typically have low adiponectin levels, even when adjusted for body weight.65”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Lilja M Rolandsson O Norberg M Soderberg S The impact of leptin and adiponectin on incident type 2 diabetes is modified by sex and insulin resistance Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord 2012 10 143 151 22283633 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Energy expenditure and glucose metabolism are modulated by a number of hormones.

    “EE and glucose metabolism are modulated by a number of hormones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Endogenous rhythms are synchronized to the outside world by various environmental clues, mostly by light via the retina.

    “Endogenous rhythms, in turn, are synchronized to the outside world by various environmental clues, mostly by light via the retina.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Adiponectin knockout mice develop insulin resistance and increased TNF-α levels when fed a high fat diet.

    “Adiponectin knockout mice develop insulin resistance and increased TNF-α levels when fed a high fat diet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Thyroid hormones are important determinants of energy expenditure.

    “Thyroid hormones are important determinants of EE; cortisol and GH are powerful modulators of circadian rhythms of glucose metabolism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cortisol concentrations reach their zenith in the morning, experience a gradual fall during the day, which is briefly interrupted by meals, and have their nadir around 3 am.

    “Cortisol concentrations reach their zenith in the morning, experience a gradual fall during the day, which is briefly interrupted by meals, and have their nadir around 3 am (Fig. 2).48”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Van Coevorden A Mockel J Laurent E Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men Am. J. Physiol 1991 260 E651 E661 2018128 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The role of adiponectin in energy homeostasis is unclear: increases, decreases, or no changes in energy balance are derived from peripheral adiponectin administration in rodents.

    “Its role in energy homeostasis is unclear: increases, decreases, or no changes in energy balance are derived from peripheral adiponectin administration in rodents.62”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Dridi S Taouis M Adiponectin and energy homeostasis: consensus and controversy J. Nutr. Biochem 2009 20 831 839 19716279 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The sympathovagal system and adiponectin influence both energy expenditure and glucose metabolism.

    “The sympathovagal system and adiponectin influence both EE and glucose metabolism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patients with type 1 diabetes have higher than expected adiponectin levels: an observation that is poorly understood.

    “In contrast, patients with type 1 diabetes have higher than expected adiponectin levels: an observation that is poorly understood.66”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Maahs DM Ogden LG Snell-Bergeon JK Determinants of serum adiponectin in persons with and without type 1 diabetes Am. J. Epidemiol 2007 166 731 740 17591595 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    IL-1β decreases during the night and reaches its nadir at 8 am in the morning.

    “IL-1β decreases during the night and reaches its nadir at 8 am in the morning.82”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Leptin is secreted by the white adipose tissue in a highly pulsatile fashion.

    “Leptin is secreted by the white adipose tissue in a highly pulsatile fashion.74”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Licinio J Mantzoros C Negrao AB Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary-adrenal function Nat. Med 1997 3 575 579 9142131 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Leptin reflects fat stores: its levels increase after meals and during the night and are associated with decreased appetite.

    “Leptin reflects fat stores: its levels increase after meals and during the night and are associated with decreased appetite (Fig. 2).74”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Licinio J Mantzoros C Negrao AB Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary-adrenal function Nat. Med 1997 3 575 579 9142131 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Experimentally induced sleep alterations may not be representative of changes occurring in the clinical condition of chronic sleep deprivation.

    “It is important to note that experimentally induced sleep alterations may not be representative of changes occurring in clinical condition of chronic sleep deprivation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Melatonin is a sleep-promoting hormone that is produced by the pineal gland.

    “Melatonin is a sleep-promoting hormone that is produced by the pineal gland.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Total and acetylated ghrelin levels rise with fasting and during sleep.

    “Total and acetylated ghrelin levels rise with fasting and during sleep (Fig. 2).76”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Spiegel K Tasali E Leproult R Scherberg N van Cauter E Twenty-four-hour profiles of acylated and total ghrelin: relationship with glucose levels and impact of time of day and sleep J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2011 96 486 493 21106712 PMC3206394 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Orexin neurons are active during waking and quiescent during sleep; consistently, orexin levels in the CSF are maximal at the end of the waking period.

    “Orexin neurons are active during waking and quiescent during sleep; consistently, orexin levels in the CSF are maximal at the end of the waking period.80,81”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [80] Van den Top M Lee K Whyment AD Blanks AM Spanswick D Orexigensensitive NPY/AgRP pacemaker neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus Nat. Neurosci 2004 7 493 494 15097991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81] Zeitzer JM Buckmaster CL Lyons DM Mignot E Increasing length of wakefulness and modulation of hypocretin-1 in the wake-consolidated squirrel monkey Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 2007 293 R1736 R1742 17686881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ghrelin has the opposite effect on the arcuate nucleus, stimulating appetite, and prolonging postprandial glucose responses, while stimulating growth hormone release.

    “Ghrelin has the opposite effect on the arcuate nucleus, stimulating appetite, and prolonging postprandial glucose responses, while stimulating GH release.79”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Hataya Y Akamizu T Takaya K A low dose of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone (GH) release synergistically with GH-releasing hormone in humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2001 86 4552 11549707 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Acetylated ghrelin, the active form, is necessary for most of its endocrine actions, including growth hormone release, appetite stimulation, and gastric emptying.

    “Acetylated ghrelin, the active form, is necessary for most of its endocrine actions, including GH release, appetite stimulation, and gastric emptying.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Orexin A and B, two neuropeptides released by lateral hypothalamic neurons, stimulate appetite.

    “Orexin A and B, two neuropeptides released by lateral hypothalamic neurons, stimulate appetite.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Most of the experiments on the effects of acute sleep deprivation were conducted in healthy, lean volunteers.

    “Most of the experiments on the effects of acute sleep deprivation were conducted in healthy, lean volunteers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The orexin system is activated by ghrelin and inhibited by leptin and glucose.

    “The orexin system is activated by ghrelin and inhibited by leptin and glucose.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The relationship between sleep and metabolism has been extensively studied in human subjects under varying conditions, such as total sleep deprivation, partial sleep deprivation, and sleep fragmentation.

    “The relationship between sleep and metabolism has been extensively studied in human subjects under varying conditions, such as total sleep deprivation,87–100 partial sleep deprivation,101–122 and sleep fragmentation123–125 (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [87] Kuhn E Brodan V Brodanova M Rysanek K Metabolic reflection of sleep deprivation Act. Nerv. Super 1969 11 165 174 5798779

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Parker DC Rossman LG Pekary AE Hershman JM Effect of 64-hour sleep deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1987 64 157 161 3782430 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] VanHelder T Symons JD Radomski MW Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on glucose tolerance Aviat. Space Environ. Med 1993 64 487 492 8338493

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Gonzáles-Ortiz M Martínez-Abundis E Balcázar-Muñoz BR Pascoe-González S Effect of sleep deprivation on insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects Diabetes Nutr. Metab 2000 13 80 83 10898125

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [91] Thomas M Sing H Belenky G Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness: I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity J. Sleep Res 2000 9 335 352 11123521 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Garfinkel D Zorin M Wainstein J Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release melatonin in insomnia patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes 2011 4 307 313 21887103 PMC3160855

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Shearer WT Reuben JM Mullington JM Soluble TNA-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight J. Allergy Clin. Immunol 2001 107 165 170 11150007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Mullington JM Chan JL van Dongen HP Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men J. Neuroendocrinol 2003 15 851 854 12899679 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Dzaja A Dalal MA Himmerich H Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 286 E963 E967 14871884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Frey DJ Fleshner M Wright KP The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults Brain Behav. Immun 2007 21 1050 1057 17524614 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IL-6 and TNF-α stimulate secretion of cortisol and, in turn, cortisol inhibits their secretion.

    “IL-6 and TNF-α stimulate secretion of cortisol and, in turn, cortisol inhibits their secretion.84”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Tsigos C Papanicolaou DA Defensor R Dose effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on pituitary hormone secretion and energy expenditure Neuroendocrinology 1997 66 54 62 9258919 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reports on diurnal variability of C-reactive protein are few and inconsistent: some report no diurnal variance, whereas others find increased morning levels.

    “Reports on diurnal variability of CRP are few and inconsistent: some report no diurnal variance,85 whereas others find increased morning levels.86”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [85] Meier-Ewert HK Ridker PM Rifai N Absence of diurnal variation of C-reactive protein concentration in healthy human subjects Clin. Chem 2001 47 426 430 11238292 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [86] Koc M Karaarslan O Abali G Batur MK Variations in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels over 24 hours in patients with stable coronary artery disease Tex. Heart. Inst. J 2010 37 42 48 20200626 PMC2829811

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Partial sleep deprivation affects slow-wave sleep less than other sleep stages.

    “Partial sleep deprivation affects SWS less than other sleep stages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insulin, while peripherally lowering blood glucose and stimulating appetite, inhibits appetite centrally in a leptin-like manner.

    “Insulin, while peripherally lowering blood glucose and stimulating appetite, inhibits appetite centrally in a leptin-like manner.78”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Morton GJ Schwartz MW Leptin and the central nervous system control of glucose metabolism Physiol. Rev 2011 91 389 411 21527729 PMC3379883 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Food intake and physical activity were often, but not always, strictly controlled in experiments on acute sleep deprivation.

    “Food intake and physical activity were often, but not always, strictly controlled (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    IL-6 displays a circadian rhythm, with a first peak around 2 am and a second peak around 5 am.

    “IL-6 displays a circadian rhythm, with a first peak around 2 am and a second peak around 5 am (Fig. 2).82,83”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [83] Vgontzas AN Zoumakis M Papanicolaou DA Chronic insomnia is associated with a shift of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion from nighttime to daytime Metabolism 2002 51 887 892 12077736 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ghrelin, produced in the stomach, stimulates appetite and circulates mainly in a nonacetylated form.

    “Ghrelin, produced in the stomach, stimulates appetite and circulates mainly in a nonacetylated form.75”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Badman MK Flier JS The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars Science 2005 307 1909 1914 15790843 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a small study of eight lean males, plasma catecholamines were consistently lower during the night with no differences among sleep stages.

    “In a small study of eight lean males, plasma catecholamines were consistently lower during the night with no differences among sleep stages (Fig. 2).73”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Linsell CR Lightman SL Mullen PE Brown MJ Causon RC Circadian rythms of epinephrine and norepinephrine in man J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1985 60 1210 1205 3998066 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Melatonin is exclusively secreted during the dark, as light inhibits its production.

    “Melatonin is exclusively secreted during the dark, as light inhibits its production (Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Leptin and ghrelin exert their effects in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, through anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (POMC/CART) and orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP) neurons.

    “Leptin and ghrelin exert their effects in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, through anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (POMC/CART) and orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP) neurons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein are pro-inflammatory factors.

    “Interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), TNF-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) are pro-inflammatory factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Adiponectin displays some diurnal variability, with lower levels at night.

    “Finally, adiponectin displays some diurnal variability, with lower levels at night (Fig. 2).68,69”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [68] Scheer FA Chan JL Fargnoli J Day/night variations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin and lipocalin-2 in healthy men studied under fed and fasted conditions Diabetologia 2010 53 2401 2405 20703446 PMC3111077 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [69] Cizza G Nguyen VT Eskandari F Low 24-hour adiponectin and high nocturnal leptin concentrations in a case-control study of community-dwelling premenopausal women with major depressive disorder: the Premenopausal, Ostopenia/Osteoporosis, Women, Alendronate, Depression (POWER) study J. Clin. Psychiatry 2010 71 1079 1087 20492842 PMC3277206 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine are produced by the sympathetic system: epinephrine is secreted exclusively from the adrenal medulla, whereas norepinephrine can also be released from postganglionic sympathetic nerves.

    “Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) are produced by the sympathetic system: EPI is secreted exclusively from the adrenal medulla, whereas NE can also be released from postganglionic sympathetic nerves.72”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Hjemdahl P Plasma catecholamines—analytical challenges and physiological limitations Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1993 7 307 353 8489483 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Projections from orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus activate NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

    “Projections from orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus activate NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus.80”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Van den Top M Lee K Whyment AD Blanks AM Spanswick D Orexigensensitive NPY/AgRP pacemaker neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus Nat. Neurosci 2004 7 493 494 15097991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Leptin activates POMC/CART neurons, which induces hunger and inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons, which induces satiety.

    “Leptin activates POMC/CART neurons, which induces hunger and inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons,77,78 which induces satiety.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [77] Elias CF Aschkenasi C Lee C Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area Neuron 1999 23 775 786 10482243 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [78] Morton GJ Schwartz MW Leptin and the central nervous system control of glucose metabolism Physiol. Rev 2011 91 389 411 21527729 PMC3379883 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Two weeks of partial sleep deprivation (5.5 hours) decreases resting metabolic rate and increases respiratory quotient.

    “Two weeks of partial sleep deprivation (5.5 hours) decreased resting metabolic rate and increased RQ in a randomized, cross-over study109”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Partial sleep deprivation does not affect 24-hour GH levels in lean or obese individuals, but six 4-hour nights change GH nocturnal secretory patterns to a biphasic pattern.

    “Partial sleep deprivation did not affect 24-h levels of GH in lean or obese individuals,101,109,118 but six 4-h nights changed GH nocturnal secretory patterns: sleep deprivation was associated with a biphasic pattern compared to the usual single large GH peak at sleep onset.102”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [101] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function Lancet 1999 354 1435 1439 10543671 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Nedeltcheva AV Kilkus JM Imperial J Schoeller DA Penev PD Insufficient sleep undermies dietary efforts to reduce adiposity Ann. Intern. Med 2010 153 435 441 20921542 PMC2951287 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [102] Spiegel K Leproult R Colecchia EF Adaptation of the 24 h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt Am. J. Psychiol 2000 279 R874 R883 10956244 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic tone, and increased sympathovagal balance.

    “Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic tone and therefore, with increased sympathovagal balance101,109,123,124”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [101] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function Lancet 1999 354 1435 1439 10543671 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Tasali E Leproult R Ehrmann DA Van Cauter E Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008 105 1044 1049 18172212 PMC2242689 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Stamatakis KA Punjabi NM Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects Chest 2010 137 95 101 19542260 PMC2803120 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Important differences exist between acute and chronic sleep deprivation.

    “In addition, important differences exist between acute and chronic sleep deprivation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    One night of total sleep deprivation increases energy expenditure during the night, but reduces next-day resting and postprandial energy expenditure by 5% and 20%, leading to positive energy balance.

    “Two groups found that one night of total sleep deprivation increased EE during the night, whereas the following day, resting and postprandial EE were reduced by 5% and 20%, respectively, overall leading to a positive energy balance43,100”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] Jung CM Melanson EL Frydelhall EJ Energy expenditure during sleep, sleep deprivation and sleep following sleep deprivation in adult humans J. Physiol 2011 589 235 244 21059762 PMC3039272 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [100] Benedict C Hallschmid M Lassen A Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2011 93 1229 1236 21471283 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Almost all studies find decreased glucose tolerance and a dampened compensatory insulin response after sleep curtailment.

    “Thus, almost all studies find decreased glucose tolerance and a dampened compensatory insulin response after sleep curtailment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Acute total sleep deprivation increases TSH and free T4; partial sleep deprivation decreases TSH and T4, suggesting a dose-related effect.

    “Acute total sleep deprivation increased TSH and free T4 levels,88 whereas partial sleep deprivation of 5.5-h nights for two weeks or six 4-h nights decreased TSH and T4 levels, suggesting a dose-related effect104,116”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [88] Parker DC Rossman LG Pekary AE Hershman JM Effect of 64-hour sleep deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1987 64 157 161 3782430 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Spiegel K Tasali E Penev P Van Cauter E Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite Ann. Intern Med 2004a 141 846 850 15583226 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [116] Kessler L Nedeltcheva A Imperial J Penev PD Changes in serum TSH and free T4 during human sleep restriction Sleep 2010 33 1115 1118 20815195 PMC2910542 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mean 24-hour plasma cortisol often remains unchanged by sleep deprivation, but circadian cortisol pattern changes.

    “Mean 24-h levels of plasma cortisol often remain unchanged by sleep deprivation,43,95,96,99,106,109,123 but the circadian cortisol-pattern changes, as described above.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [43] Jung CM Melanson EL Frydelhall EJ Energy expenditure during sleep, sleep deprivation and sleep following sleep deprivation in adult humans J. Physiol 2011 589 235 244 21059762 PMC3039272 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Dzaja A Dalal MA Himmerich H Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 286 E963 E967 14871884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Frey DJ Fleshner M Wright KP The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults Brain Behav. Immun 2007 21 1050 1057 17524614 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Pejovic S Vgontzas AN Basta M Leptin and hunger levels in young healthy adults after one night of sleep loss J. Sleep. Res 2010 19 552 558 20545838 PMC3734788 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Vgontzas AN Zoumakis E Bixler EO Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 89 2119 2126 15126529 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Tasali E Leproult R Ehrmann DA Van Cauter E Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008 105 1044 1049 18172212 PMC2242689 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Partial and total sleep deprivation cause delay and/or reduction in cortisol acrophase.

    “In addition, a delay and/or a reduction in the acrophase of cortisol have been reported after partial and total sleep deprivation.95,102,109”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [95] Dzaja A Dalal MA Himmerich H Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 286 E963 E967 14871884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [102] Spiegel K Leproult R Colecchia EF Adaptation of the 24 h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt Am. J. Psychiol 2000 279 R874 R883 10956244 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Energy expenditure may be differentially affected by chronic versus acute sleep curtailment and may depend on reasons for sleep curtailment.

    “In summary, EE may be differentially affected by chronic versus acute sleep curtailment and may also depend on differences in reasons of sleep curtailment (experimentally induced short sleep vs. chronic insomnia).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Partial and total sleep deprivation result in elevated salivary and plasma cortisol the following afternoon and evening, while morning cortisol may be unchanged or decreased.

    “Partial and total sleep deprivation resulted in elevated salivary and plasma cortisol the following afternoon and evening100,101,109,114,117 (Table 1), while morning cortisol levels may be unchanged or even decreased.90,97,117”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [100] Benedict C Hallschmid M Lassen A Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2011 93 1229 1236 21471283 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [101] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function Lancet 1999 354 1435 1439 10543671 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Nedeltcheva AV Kessler L Imperial J Penev PD Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2009 94 3242 3250 19567526 PMC2819825 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Buxton OM Marcelli E Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States Soc. Sci. Med 2010 71 1027 1036 20621406 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Omisade A Buxton OM Rusak B Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women Physiol. Behav 2010 99 651 656 20138072 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Gonzáles-Ortiz M Martínez-Abundis E Balcázar-Muñoz BR Pascoe-González S Effect of sleep deprivation on insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects Diabetes Nutr. Metab 2000 13 80 83 10898125

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [97] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauch-Chara K Sleep loss alters basal metabolic hormone secretion and modulates the dynamic counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2007 92 3044 3051 17519315 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Effects of sleep restriction on adiponectin may be gender and race dependent: decreased in Caucasian women, increased in African American women, no change in males.

    “However, subgroup analysis revealed that effects of sleep restriction on adiponectin levels may be gender and race dependent: adiponectin decreased in Caucasian women and increased in African American women, while adiponectin levels in males did not change after short sleep121”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] Simpson NS Banks S Arroyo S Dinges DF Effects of sleep restriction on adiponectin levels in healthy men and women Physiol. Behav 2010 101 693 698 20723551 PMC2975754 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sleep loss impairs glucose metabolism and may decrease energy expenditure through multiple factors: decreased thyroid hormones, possibly adiponectin, increased sympathovagal balance, and altered cortisol secretion, while the role of GH is unclear.

    “This is mediated by multiple factors, such as decreased thyroid hormones and, possibly, adiponectin levels; increased sympathovagal balance; and altered patterns of cortisol secretion, while the role of GH is still unclear (Fig. 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Decreased adiponectin levels worsen insulin resistance.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TNF-α levels are most often unchanged after partial sleep restriction, but not always.

    “TNF-α levels are most often,82,93,112 but not always,107 unchanged after partial sleep restriction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Shearer WT Reuben JM Mullington JM Soluble TNA-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight J. Allergy Clin. Immunol 2001 107 165 170 11150007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] van Leeuwen WM Lehto M Karisola P Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP PLoS One 2009 4 e4589 19240794 PMC2643002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [107] Irwin MR Wang M Campomayor CO Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation Arch. Intern. Med 2006 166 1756 1762 16983055 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Morning total ghrelin levels are increased after one night of sleep deprivation and in individuals with shorter habitual sleep durations.

    “However, morning total ghrelin levels were increased after one night of sleep deprivation95,98 and in individuals with shorter habitual sleep durations.5”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [95] Dzaja A Dalal MA Himmerich H Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 286 E963 E967 14871884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauchchara K Born J Schultes B A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men J. Sleep Res 2008 17 331 334 18564298 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Taheri S Lin L Austin D Young T Mignot E Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased Body Mass Index (BMI) Sleep 2004 27 A146 A147 PMC535701 15602591

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increased plasma IL-6 is reported after partial and total sleep deprivation in most cases, though two studies only reported loss of circadian rhythms.

    “Increased plasma levels of IL-6 were reported after partial and total sleep deprivation in most cases,93,106,107,108,112 although two studies only reported a loss of circadian rhythms82,96”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [93] Shearer WT Reuben JM Mullington JM Soluble TNA-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight J. Allergy Clin. Immunol 2001 107 165 170 11150007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Vgontzas AN Zoumakis E Bixler EO Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 89 2119 2126 15126529 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [107] Irwin MR Wang M Campomayor CO Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation Arch. Intern. Med 2006 166 1756 1762 16983055 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [108] Haack M Sanchez E Mullington JM Elevated inflammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers Sleep 2007 30 1145 1152 17910386 PMC1978405 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] van Leeuwen WM Lehto M Karisola P Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP PLoS One 2009 4 e4589 19240794 PMC2643002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Frey DJ Fleshner M Wright KP The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults Brain Behav. Immun 2007 21 1050 1057 17524614 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Short sleep promotes a proinflammatory state, which in turn negatively affects insulin resistance.

    “We conclude that short sleep promotes a proinflammatory state, which, in turn, exerts its negative consequences on insulin resistance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sleep deprivation and obesity may potentiate each other; short sleep may induce weight gain via the mechanisms outlined, while obesity may disrupt sleep via sleep apnea and other symptoms.

    “In summary, sleep deprivation and obesity may potentiate each other in a vicious reverberating circuit; short sleep may induce weight gain, via the mechanisms outlined in this paper, whereas obesity, in turn, via sleep apnea and other symptoms, may disrupt sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    With ad libitum food, partial or total sleep deprivation may not change hunger ratings but likely increases food intake.

    “If food is provided ad libitum, partial or total sleep deprivation may not change hunger ratings, while likely increasing food intake.99,117,120”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [99] Pejovic S Vgontzas AN Basta M Leptin and hunger levels in young healthy adults after one night of sleep loss J. Sleep. Res 2010 19 552 558 20545838 PMC3734788 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Omisade A Buxton OM Rusak B Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women Physiol. Behav 2010 99 651 656 20138072 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] Simpson NS Banks S Dinges DF Sleep restriction is associated with increased morning plasma leptin concentrations, especially in women Biol. Res. Nurs 2010 12 47 53 20453022 PMC3564645 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    One 4-hour night of sleep deprivation is associated with increased food intake 36 hours later, but not immediately.

    “The effects of sleep deprivation on appetite may not be immediate: one 4-h night of sleep deprivation was associated with increases in food intake 36 h later, while this parameter was unaffected immediately following sleep deprivation.113”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Brondel L Romer MA Nougues PM Touyarou P Davenne D Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2010 91 1550 1559 20357041 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sleep loss impairs glucose metabolism and may decrease energy expenditure.

    “In summary, sleep loss impairs glucose metabolism and may decrease EE.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After two 4-hour nights, daytime appetite ratings increase by 24%, and sleep deprivation specifically increases appetite for sweet and salty foods.

    “After two 4-h nights, there was a 24% increase in daytime appetite ratings;105 in addition, sleep deprivation specifically increased appetite for sweet and salty foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Spiegel K Leproult R L’Hermite-Baleriaux M Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2004b 89 5762 5771 15531540 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IL-1β is elevated after partial and total sleep deprivation, but one study found no changes after total sleep deprivation.

    “IL-1β was elevated after partial,106,112 and total sleep deprivation,96 but one study did not find any changes after total sleep deprivation82”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [106] Vgontzas AN Zoumakis E Bixler EO Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2004 89 2119 2126 15126529 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] van Leeuwen WM Lehto M Karisola P Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP PLoS One 2009 4 e4589 19240794 PMC2643002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Frey DJ Fleshner M Wright KP The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults Brain Behav. Immun 2007 21 1050 1057 17524614 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [82] Born J Lange T Hansen K Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells J. Immul 1997 158 4454 4464 9127011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    White artificial light greater than 200 lux completely suppresses nocturnal plasma melatonin production; 106 lux reduces melatonin by 88%; light intensities lower than 80 lux do not affect melatonin levels.

    “White artificial light greater than 200 lux completely suppressed nocturnal plasma melatonin production, dim room light (106 lux) reduced melatonin by 88% and light intensities lower than 80 lux did not affect melatonin levels.159”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [159] Zeitzer JM Dijk DJ Kronauer R Brown E Czeisler C Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting suppression J. Physiol 2000 526 695 702 10922269 PMC2270041 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Studies that found decreased leptin after short sleep controlled food intake, whereas with ad libitum eating, leptin levels were unchanged or increased.

    “Of note, studies that found decreased leptin after short sleep controlled food intake, whereas when sleep-deprived subjects were allowed to eat ad libitum, leptin levels were unchanged or even increased.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Worsened glucose tolerance after sleep curtailment may be beneficial from a teleological perspective, at least in the short term.

    “Most studies find worsened glucose tolerance after sleep curtailment, which may be beneficial from a teleological perspective, at least in the short term.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 26 subjects with type 2 diabetes, five months of treatment with 2 mg prolonged-release melatonin administered two hours before bedtime improves sleep efficiency but does not affect total sleep time.

    “Sleep efficiency improved after five months of treatment with 2 mg prolonged-release melatonin administered two hours before bedtime, while total sleep time was unaffected in 26 subjects with type 2 diabetes.170”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] Garfinkel D Zorin M Wainstein J Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release melatonin in insomnia patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes 2011 4 307 313 21887103 PMC3160855

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Improving sleep duration and quality is a potential tool to counteract the epidemics of obesity and diabetes.

    “Overall, improving sleep duration and quality is a potential tool to counteract the epidemics of obesity and diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Short sleep has negative effects on health.
    • Rests on an assumption: Sleep curtailment causes metabolic disturbances.
93 of 93

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The exact mechanisms explaining the relationship between short sleep, obesity, and diabetes remain unclear.

    “The exact mechanisms explaining the relationship between short sleep, obesity, and diabetes remain unclear.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Insulin resistance can result from increases in insulin counter-regulatory hormones, including GH and cortisol.

    “Insulin resistance can result from increases in insulin counter-regulatory hormones, including GH and cortisol (Fig. 3).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Decreased adiponectin levels worsen insulin resistance.

    “Besides influencing energy homeostasis, decreased adiponectin levels worsen insulin resistance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Leptin inhibits appetite and ghrelin stimulates appetite.

    “Leptin and ghrelin inhibit and stimulate appetite, respectively (Fig. 3).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In obese subjects, leptin levels are elevated but several of its actions are impaired (leptin resistance).

    “In obese subjects, leptin levels are elevated but several of its actions are impaired, a concept referred to as leptin resistance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The melatonin receptor 1B is present on pancreatic β-cells, and melatonin has an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion.

    “Interestingly, the melatonin receptor 1B is present on pancreatic β-cells, and melatonin has an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sleep is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms.

    “Sleep is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is large individual variability in sleep needs.

    “Nevertheless, it is certain that there is a large individual variability in sleep needs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Chronotype modulates metabolism.

    “Chronotype, the individual attribute determining morning or evening preference, modulates metabolism.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Seasonality is greatly attenuated in modern humans due to artificial lighting and other environmental modifications.

    “As a consequence of artificial lighting and other environmental modifications, seasonality is greatly attenuated in modern humans.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Melatonin promotes sleep.

    “As melatonin promotes sleep, the decrease in obesity and improvement in insulin resistance could be due to longer and better sleep per se, but it could also relate to other melatonin-dependent pathways yet to be identified (Fig. 3).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sleep deprivation is more common in minorities.

    “Similarly, sleep deprivation is more common in minorities but the effects of socioeconomic status per se versus ethnicity remain to be determined.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Individual susceptibility within these categories varies greatly.

    “Individual susceptibility within these categories varies greatly: identification of contributing factors will greatly help prevention and treatment and be one of the tenets of individualized medicine.176”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The biological need for optimal sleep duration varies and cannot be estimated at an individual level.

    “As already mentioned, causality can be addressed best in long-term studies where “prescribed” sleep duration is randomized, but this may present with practical difficulties and significant challenges, including the fact that the biological need for optimal sleep duration varies and cannot be estimated at an individual level.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Classic experiments of parabiosis support the notion of endogenous sleep-promoting substances.

    “Classic experiments of parabiosis seem to support the notion of endogenous “sleep-promoting” substances.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ob/ob mice that lack leptin and db/db mice that lack the leptin receptor both display sleep disturbances that are reverted by leptin replacement.

    “Furthermore, ob/ob mice that lack leptin and db/db mice that lack the leptin receptor, both display sleep disturbances that are reverted by leptin replacement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Short sleep has negative effects on health.

    “At this point, there is a general consensus that short sleep has negative effects on health”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sleep curtailment causes metabolic disturbances.

    “the amount of sleep curtailment causing metabolic disturbances is unclear”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The amount of sleep curtailment causing metabolic disturbances is unclear.

    “the amount of sleep curtailment causing metabolic disturbances is unclear”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Specific groups at greater risk are yet to be identified.

    “specific groups at greater risk are yet to be identified”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Whether melatonin would benefit obese/diabetic subjects, or a subset of these individuals, remains to be proven in rigorous randomized clinical trials.

    “Whether melatonin would benefit obese/diabetic subjects, or a subset of these individuals, remains to be proven in rigorous randomized clinical trials.”
21 of 21

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Insulin's stated central effect on appetite reverses

    Major

    The figure description says increased insulin stimulates orexic neurons and suppresses anorexic neurons, increasing appetite. The main text instead says insulin inhibits appetite centrally.

  • Donga study participant count does not add up

    Minor

    The table lists three female and four male participants, totaling seven rather than the reported nine.

    Reported 9 · recomputed 7

  • Leptin-activated neurons are assigned opposite effects on appetite

    Minor

    The text says leptin activates POMC/CART neurons, which induce hunger, and inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons, which induce satiety. Elsewhere it says leptin inhibits appetite.

  • Stamatakis table entry carries Tasali's reference number

    Minor

    The table labels the Stamatakis study as reference 123, but reference 123 is Tasali's study; Stamatakis is listed as reference 124.

  • Free T4 response to six short nights conflicts with the table

    Minor

    The prose says six 4-hour nights decreased T4, but the corresponding table entry reports a 7% increase in free T4.

  • Dzaja table entry carries Frey's reference number

    Minor

    The table labels the Dzaja study as reference 96, but reference 96 is Frey's study; Dzaja is listed as reference 95.

6 of 6

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 181 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. National Sleep Foundation, 2005, Sleep in America Poll
  2. Garfinkel D., 2011, Efficacy and safety of prolonged‐release melatonin in insomnia patients with diabetes: a randomized, double‐blind, crossover study, Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 4, 307

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Lucassen, E. A., Rother, K. I., & Cizza, G.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2012-07-24
Volume
1264
Issue
1
Pages
110-134
ISSN
  • 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-6632
DOI
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06655.x
PMC
PMC3418485
OpenAlex
W1711695767
Cited by
191
References
181
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 1
FWCI
2.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Universiteit Leiden
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (ZIADK047054)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords
sleep duration, sleep disorders, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, glucose metabolism, circadian clock, energy expenditure, appetite, sleep quality, sleep interventions
MeSH terms
Appetite, Diabetes Mellitus, Energy Metabolism, Female, Glucose, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Melatonin, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Wake Disorders, Leptin, Adiponectin, Ghrelin

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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