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Inadequate Sleep as a Risk Factor for Obesity: Analyses of the NHANES I
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep deprivation has been hypothesized to contribute toward obesity by decreasing leptin, increasing ghrelin, and compromising insulin sensitivity. This study examines cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a large United States sample to determine whether sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses of the 1982-1984, 1987, and 1992 NHANES I Followup Studies and cross-sectional analysis of the 1982-1984 study. SETTING: Probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Sample sizes of 9,588 for the cross-sectional analyses, 8,073 for the 1987, and 6,981 for the 1992 longitudinal analyses. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Measured weight in 1982-1984 and self-reported weights in 1987 and 1992. Subjects between the ages of 32 and 49 years with self-reported sleep durations at baseline less than 7 hours had higher average body mass indexes and were more likely to be obese than subjects with sleep durations of 7 hours. Sleep durations over 7 hours were not consistently associated with either an increased or decreased likelihood of obesity in the cross-sectional and longitudinal results. Each additional hour of sleep at baseline was negatively associated with change in body mass index over the follow-up period, but this association was small and statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that sleep duration is associated with obesity in a large longitudinally monitored United States sample. These observations support earlier experimental sleep studies and provide a basis for future studies on weight control interventions that increase the quantity and quality of sleep.
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In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep duration (quantity) has been associated with an increased risk of obesity (3–6,51), type 2 diabetes (7–11), hypertension (12), cardiovascular disease (13,14), metabolic syndrome (a combination of cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction) (15), and early mortality (14,16,17,19–21,52).”
From Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Gangwisch et al. 88 reported that while individuals between 32-49 years of age who self-reported sleeping less than 7 h per night had greater BMIs than individuals who slept 7 h or more each night in cross-sectional analysis at baseline and follow-up examinations, sleep duration was not significantly associated with 8-10 years longitudinal change in BMI (β = -0.053,p = 0.27).”
From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Short sleepers experience greater weight increases over time according to most,4,18–22 but not all studies.17,23,24”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, and prospective mortality.”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Young children, being unmarried (19,26), working long hours (11,27,28), overweight and obesity (3-5), and measures of poor health (13,14,16,20,37,38,40) including acute and chronic respiratory conditions, pain, and anxiety increase the odds of short sleep and have a null or inverse association with long sleep.”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“self-reported sleep duration reliably predicts prospective mortality and other health outcomes (1-7, 13-18).”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“These short- term effects of sleep deprivation are significant when one considers epidemiologic evidence showing that reduced sleep duration is associated with increased body mass and obesity in the NHANES study.44”
From Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, shorter sleep times have been associated with increased obesity.44”
From Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Reduced sleep duration was reported to be associated with increased body mass and obesity in the NHANES study20”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [20]
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Zheng, N. S., Annis, J. S., Master, H., Han, L., Gleichauf, K., Ching, J., Nasser, M., Coleman, P. L., Desine, S., Ruderfer, D. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03155-8 · Cited by 212
Gangwisch, J. E., Malaspina, D., Babiss, L. A., Opler, M. G., Posner, K., Shen, S., Turner, J. B., Zammit, G. K., & Ginsberg, H. N. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.7.956 · Cited by 211
Self-citationPast, present, and future: trends in sleep duration and implications for public health
Matricciani, L., Bin, Y. S., Lallukka, T. M., Kronholm, E., Dumuid, D., Paquet, C., & Olds, T. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.006 · Cited by 208
Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in a Rural Population
Kohatsu, N. D. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.16.1701 · Cited by 207
Metadata
- Authors
- Gangwisch, J. E., Malaspina, D., Boden-Albala, B., & Heymsfield, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gangwisch, James E.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1289-1296
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2222722063
- Cited by
- 905
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 59.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Chicago
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH013043)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sleep deprivation, obesity, body mass index, weight gain, leptin, ghrelin, insulin sensitivity, NHANES I, weight management interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Deprivation, Smoking, Body Mass Index
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