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Cited by 791Sleep and related disordersSleep and Work-Related FatigueHealth disparities and outcomes

Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study

Open access
Krueger, P. M., Friedman, E. M.·2009·American Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/aje/kwp023PMC PMC2727237
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Abstract

Sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, and prospective mortality. Little is known, however, about sleep patterns in the US population. The 2004-2007 National Health Interview Survey-Sample Adult Files provide nationally representative data for 110,441 noninstitutionalized US adults aged 18 years or older, and multinomial logistic regression examines whether variables in 5 domains-demographic, family structure, socioeconomic, health behavior, and health status-are associated with long or short sleep duration. Being older, non-Hispanic black, or a current or former smoker; having low levels of education, income, or few income sources; consuming few or numerous drinks in a week; or reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, or activity limitations is associated with increased odds of both long and short sleep duration. Other variables are associated with shorter (e.g., living with young children, being unmarried, working long hours, more frequent binge drinking) or longer (e.g., being younger, Mexican American, pregnant, or having low levels of physical activity) sleep hours. The authors identify numerous risk factors for long and short sleep; many of those variables are potential confounders of the relation between sleep hours and other health outcomes.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a nationally representative sample of 110,441 US adults, long and short sleep durations were common and were associated with numerous demographic, family, socioeconomic, health behavior, and health status factors. The authors conclude that many of these factors may confound the relation between sleep duration and health outcomes.

Key findings

  • Only 63.3% of adults reported sleeping 7 or 8 hours; 28.3% slept 6 or fewer hours and 8.5% slept 9 or more hours.
  • Being older, non-Hispanic black, a current or former smoker, having low education/income/few income sources, consuming few or numerous drinks, or reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, or activity limitations was associated with increased odds of both long and short sleep.
  • Living with young children, being unmarried, working long hours, and more frequent binge drinking were associated with shorter sleep; being younger, Mexican American, pregnant, or having low physical activity was associated with longer sleep.
  • Specific estimates included: parents of children aged <2 years had 34% higher odds of sleeping ≤5 hours and 28% lower odds of sleeping ≥9 hours; pregnant women were 77% more likely to sleep 8 hours and 3.7 times as likely to sleep ≥9 hours; working ≥41 hours was associated with 40% higher odds of ≤5 hours and 59% lower odds of ≥9 hours.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional analysis of pooled 2004–2007 National Health Interview Survey–Sample Adult Files, including 110,441 noninstitutionalized US adults aged 18 years or older; response rate was 81%.
  • Sleep duration was self-reported in 1-hour increments and categorized as ≤5, 6, 7, 8, or ≥9 hours; multinomial logistic regression used 7 hours as the comparison group.
  • Models were nested across demographic, family structure/socioeconomic, health behavior, and health status domains; multiple imputation used 10 complete datasets because 29% of respondents had missing information on at least one variable.

Limitations

  • The authors state that data include only self-reported sleep duration, with no information on daytime sleepiness or difficulty falling or staying asleep.
  • The authors state that data lack clinical measures of mental health or medical conditions and information on shift work, caffeine consumption, or medication usage.
  • The authors state that cross-sectional data preclude identifying causal relations; the text also makes evident that sleep duration was reported only in 1-hour increments and that missing data were imputed.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/aje/kwp023

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 75 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Alcohol consumption has a J-shaped relation with the logged odds of sleeping 6 or fewer hours, or 9 or more hours, with the lowest logged odds among those who consume 6-12 drinks per week.

    “Alcohol consumption has a J-shaped relation with the logged odds of sleeping 6 or fewer hours, or 9 or more hours, with the lowest logged odds among those who consume 6-12 drinks per week.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The logged odds of sleeping 8 hours increase fairly linearly with increasing alcohol consumption.

    “The logged odds of sleeping 8 hours increase fairly linearly with increasing alcohol consumption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The presence of children aged 18 years or younger is associated with short sleep.

    “The presence of children aged 18 years or younger is associated with short sleep”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Married individuals have lower odds of short sleep.

    “Married individuals have lower odds of short sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Binge drinking more days per year is associated with higher odds of sleeping 6 or fewer hours.

    “Binge drinking more days per year is associated with higher odds of sleeping 6 or fewer hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 34
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other variables are associated with longer sleep hours, including being younger, Mexican American, pregnant, or having low levels of physical activity.

    “Other variables are associated with shorter (e.g., living with young children, being unmarried, working long hours, more frequent binge drinking) or longer (e.g., being younger, Mexican American, pregnant, or having low levels of physical activity) sleep hours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The determinants of long and short sleep may differ.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other variables are associated with shorter sleep hours, including living with young children, being unmarried, working long hours, and more frequent binge drinking.

    “Other variables are associated with shorter (e.g., living with young children, being unmarried, working long hours, more frequent binge drinking) or longer (e.g., being younger, Mexican American, pregnant, or having low levels of physical activity) sleep hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Long work hours can limit the time available for sleep.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The sleep duration item ranged from 0 to 23, with 99% of the cases falling between 4 and 12 hours.

    “The item ranged from 0 to 23, with 99% of the cases falling between 4 and 12 hours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Being older, non-Hispanic black, or a current or former smoker; having low levels of education, income, or few income sources; consuming few or numerous drinks in a week; or reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, or activity limitations is associated with increased odds of both long and short sleep duration.

    “Being older, non-Hispanic black, or a current or former smoker; having low levels of education, income, or few income sources; consuming few or numerous drinks in a week; or reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, or activity limitations is associated with increased odds of both long and short sleep duration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The determinants of long and short sleep may differ.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cardiovascular disease, acute or chronic respiratory conditions, diabetes, pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, overweight, underweight, and activity limitations are associated with increased odds of short sleep, after adjustment for demographic, family structure, socioeconomic, and health behavior variables.

    “cardiovascular disease, acute or chronic respiratory conditions, diabetes, pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, overweight, underweight, and activity limitations are associated with increased odds of short sleep, after adjustment for demographic, family structure, socioeconomic, and health behavior variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pregnant women are 77% more likely to sleep 8 hours and 3.7 times as likely to sleep 9 or more hours compared with nonpregnant women.

    “pregnant women are 77% more likely to sleep 8 hours and 3.7 times as likely to sleep 9 or more hours.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    High levels of education or income or additional sources of income per family member are associated with lower odds of short or long sleep.

    “High levels of education or income or additional sources of income per family member are associated with lower odds of short or long sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Relative to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks are more likely to report both short and long sleep hours.

    “Relative to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks are more likely to report both short and long sleep hours”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, low levels of socioeconomic status, depression, and cardiovascular disease and diabetes are associated with both long and short sleep duration.

    “our results show that non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (23), low levels of socioeconomic status (7,35), depression (6, 7), and cardiovascular disease and diabetes (1, 2) are associated with both long and short sleep duration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
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    Findingown data

    After adjustment for health status, low levels of exercise are positively associated with short sleep, the odds ratios for current or former smoking are closer to 0, and binge drinking is no longer jointly significant across the sleep hours at the P 0.05 level.

    “after adjustment for health status, low levels of exercise are positively associated with short sleep, the odds ratios for current or former smoking are closer to 0, and binge drinking is no longer jointly significant across the sleep hours at the P 0.05 level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The logged odds of sleeping 8 or more hours are highest among the youngest and oldest individuals and lowest among those aged 45 years.

    “the logged odds of sleeping 8 or more hours are highest among the youngest and oldest individuals and lowest among those aged 45 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Parents of children aged from birth to less than 2 years have 34% higher odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours and 28% lower odds of sleeping 9 or more hours compared with those not living with children.

    “parents of children aged from birth to less than 2 years have 34% higher odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours and 28% lower odds of sleeping 9 or more hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the fully adjusted model, race/ethnic differences remain substantial, but sex differences are no longer significant and foreign-born respondents no longer have reduced odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours.

    “In the fully adjusted model, race/ethnic differences remain substantial, but sex differences are no longer significant and foreign-born respondents no longer have reduced odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Older ages, current smoking and former smoking, and alcohol consumption are associated with short sleep in prior work, but they are also associated with long sleep in our data.

    “Older ages (7,20,21), current smoking and former smoking, and alcohol consumption (19,36,38,39) are associated with short sleep in prior work, but they are also associated with long sleep in our data”
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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Short or long sleep is common: 28.3% of adults sleep 6 or fewer hours, 8.5% sleep 9 or more hours, and only 63.3% sleep 7 or 8 hours.

    “short or long sleep is common: 28.3% of adults sleep 6 or fewer hours, 8.5% sleep 9 or more hours, and only 63.3% sleep 7 or 8 hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mexican Americans have similar odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours and higher odds of sleeping 8 or more hours compared with non-Hispanic whites.

    “Mexican Americans have similar odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours and higher odds of sleeping 8 or more hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Those who are not working have increased odds of both short and long sleep.

    “those who are not working have increased odds of both short and long sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, and activity limitations are positively associated with long sleep.

    “Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, and activity limitations are positively associated with long sleep”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The logged odds of sleeping 6 or fewer hours increase in early adulthood, level off in midlife, and then increase at the older ages.

    “The logged odds of sleeping 6 or fewer hours increase in early adulthood, level off in midlife, and then increase at the older ages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Those who work 41 or more hours are 40% more likely to sleep 5 or fewer hours and 59% less likely to sleep 9 or more hours compared with those who work 1-34 hours.

    “those who work 41 or more hours are 40% more likely to sleep 5 or fewer hours and 59% less likely to sleep 9 or more hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Long work hours can limit the time available for sleep.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Those who report any of the medical conditions, higher levels of depression or anxiety, being obese or underweight, or activity limitations are more likely to report long or short sleep.

    “Those who report any of the medical con-ditions, higher levels of depression or anxiety, being obese or underweight, or activity limitations are more likely to report long or short sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Respondents who sleep 7 hours per night have high levels of physical activity and low levels of current smoking, consumed 2.4 drinks in the prior week, and binge drank on 6.9 days in the last year.

    “Respondents who sleep 7 hours per night have high levels of physical activity and low levels of current smoking, consumed 2.4 drinks in the prior week, and binge drank on 6.9 days in the last year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Males and non-Hispanic whites were more likely to report 7 hours of sleep than were females or other race/ethnic groups.

    “Males and non-Hispanic whites were more likely to report 7 hours of sleep than were females or other race/ethnic groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Compared with never smokers, current smokers had, for each additional pack smoked, 74% higher odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours and 45% higher odds of sleeping 9 or more hours.

    “Compared with never smokers, current smokers had, for each additional pack smoked, 74% higher odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours and 45% higher odds of sleeping 9 or more hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Working 35-40 hours, chronic respiratory conditions, or being overweight or underweight is associated with the odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours but not of sleeping 6 hours.

    “Working 35-40 hours, chronic respiratory conditions, or being overweight or underweight is associated with the odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours but not of sleeping 6 hours.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Young children, being unmarried, working long hours, overweight and obesity, and measures of poor health including acute and chronic respiratory conditions, pain, and anxiety increase the odds of short sleep and have a null or inverse association with long sleep.

    “Young children, being unmarried (19,26), working long hours (11,27,28), overweight and obesity (3-5), and measures of poor health (13,14,16,20,37,38,40) including acute and chronic respiratory conditions, pain, and anxiety increase the odds of short sleep and have a null or inverse association with long sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
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    • Rests on an assumption: Long work hours can limit the time available for sleep.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Being younger, Mexican American, or pregnant are associated with increased odds of long sleep and have null or inverse relations with short sleep.

    “some variables are associated with increased odds of long sleep and have null or inverse relations with short sleep, including being younger, Mexican American (23), or pregnant (31).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    US-born status, underweight, and activity limitations are associated with long sleep in our data.

    “as are US-born status, underweight, and activity limitations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Three knots at ages 35, 50, and 65 years best fit the data for cubic splines adjusting for age.

    “We compared models with 1, 2, 3, and 4 knots, with 3 knots at ages 35, 50, and 65 years best fitting the data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductown data

    The response rate was 81%.

    “The response rate was 81%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Adding 1 and taking the logarithm fit the data better than linear or squared terms for binge drinking.

    “adding 1 and taking the logarithm fit the data better than did linear or squared terms.”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    Despite some misreporting in self-reported height and weight, the resulting body masses are associated with overall and cause-specific mortality in similar ways as objectively measured body mass.

    “Despite some misreporting in self-reported height and weight, the resulting body masses are associated with overall and causespecific mortality in similar ways as objectively measured body mass (58).”
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    Study design and conductown data

    The powers of 0.5 and 1 provided the best model fit for weekly alcohol consumption.

    “The powers of 0.5 and 1 provided the best model fit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sleep durations longer or shorter than 7-8 hours in a 24-hour period are associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, learning and memory problems, and excess mortality.

    “Sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, and prospective mortality.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Sleep durations that are longer or shorter than 7-8 hours in a 24-hour period are associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors (1-5), depression (6,7), automobile and workplace accidents (8)(9)(10)(11), learning and memory problems (12), and excess mortality (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    Multiple imputation preserved sample size and relied on more plausible assumptions than other commonly used methods of dealing with missing data.

    “Multiple imputation preserved our sample size and relied on more plausible assumptions than other commonly used methods of dealing with missing data (59).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Study design and conductcitation

    Mental health measures were validated with a 2-stage clinical reappraisal survey and strongly discriminate between community cases and noncases with DSM-IV disorders.

    “The mental health measures were validated with a 2-stage clinical reappraisal survey and strongly discriminate between community cases and noncases with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), disorders (56).”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-reported sleep duration is widely used in epidemiologic studies and is the basis of research on the relation between sleep duration and mortality.

    “Self-reported sleep duration is widely used in epidemiologic studies and is the basis of research on the relation between sleep duration and mortality (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).”
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    Premisecitation

    Prior studies have shown that those who sleep 8 hours have 12%-35% increased risks of death compared with those who sleep 7 hours.

    “Prior studies have shown that those who sleep 8 hours have 12%-35% increased risks of death compared with those who sleep 7 hours (14,(16)(17)(18)”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    Our analyses have 3 major strengths: a large, current, nationally representative, population-based sample of noninstitutionalized US adults; a detailed measure of sleep duration and a richer array of social, economic, and behavioral variables; and multiple imputation methods.

    “Third, we use multiple imputation methods that rely on more plausible assumptions than do other methods of dealing with missing data (59,62).”
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    Study design and conductnone given

    The model also adjusts for the number of drinks consumed in the last week, raised to the powers of 0.5 and 1.

    “This model also adjusts for the number of drinks consumed in the last week, raised to the powers of 0.5 and 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Self-reported sleep duration reliably predicts prospective mortality and other health outcomes.

    “self-reported sleep duration reliably predicts prospective mortality and other health outcomes (1-7, 13-18).”
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    Study design and conductnone given

    The model used cubic splines to adjust for age in years, with knots at ages 35, 50, and 65.

    “This model used cubic splines to adjust for age in years, with knots at ages 35, 50, and 65.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
42 of 42

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about sleep patterns in the US population.

    “Little is known, however, about sleep patterns in the US population.”
    “Because we know little about the contours of sleep duration in the US population”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Health behaviors can increase or depress physiologic arousal or indicate lifestyles that interfere with good sleep hygiene.

    “Health behaviors can increase (i.e., exercise, smoking) or depress (i.e., drinking) physiologic arousal or indicate lifestyles that interfere with good sleep hygiene.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The determinants of long and short sleep may differ.

    “the determinants of long and short sleep may differ.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nativity has not been linked to sleep.

    “Nativity has not been linked to sleep”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Long work hours can limit the time available for sleep.

    “long work hours can limit the time available for sleep.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior research has offered little insight into sleep patterns in the US population.

    “prior research has offered little insight into sleep patterns in the US population.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In fathers, hormonal imbalances may be related to postpartum depression, but lack of sufficient sleep may also play a role.

    “As in mothers, in fathers, hormonal imbalances may be related to postpartum depression (Saxbe et al., 2018), but lack of sufficient sleep may also play a role: 35% of parents with children under age 2 report that they get only 5–6 hr of sleep per night (Krueger & Friedman, 2009).”

    From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Krueger & Friedman, 2009

    The Results (p. 1057) report that parents living with children under 2 have 34% higher odds of sleeping 5 or fewer hours than adults not living with children. That is not the cited sentence’s claim that 35% of those parents sleep 5–6 hours per night. The paper associates sleep duration with depression generally, but does not examine sleep as a contributor to postpartum depression in fathers. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • 35% of parents with children under age 2 report getting only 5-6 hr of sleep per night.

    “35% of parents with children under age 2 report that they get only 5–6 hr of sleep per night (Krueger & Friedman, 2009).”

    From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Krueger & Friedman, 2009

    Table 1 (Family structure) reports that, among respondents living with a child under 2, 9.2% slept 5 or fewer hours and 25.1% slept 6 hours—a combined 34.3%, close to the cited 35%. The table does not separate exactly 5 hours from fewer than 5, so it does not establish that all of those respondents slept 5–6 hours. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Short sleep is associated with current or former smoking status.

    “Short sleep is associated with current or former smoking status [31, 32] while both short and long sleep are associated with higher cigarette consumption [31, 33].”

    From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [31]

  • Both short and long sleep are associated with higher cigarette consumption.

    “Short sleep is associated with current or former smoking status [31, 32] while both short and long sleep are associated with higher cigarette consumption [31, 33].”

    From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [31]

  • Some epidemiological studies link shorter sleep durations to increased alcohol consumption and more frequent binge drinking, while others link longer sleep durations (usually > 9 h) to greater alcohol use.

    “Some epidemiological studies link shorter sleep durations to increased alcohol consumption and more frequent binge drinking (Krueger & Friedman, 2009), while others link longer sleep durations (usually > 9 h) to greater alcohol use (e.g., Gottlieb et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2004).”

    From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Krueger & Friedman, 2009

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Figure 2 is attributed to two different models

    Minor

    The results text says Figure 2 shows estimates from model 2, while the figure caption says they are from model 3.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Tamakoshi, 2004, Sleep, 27, 51
  2. Ohayon, 2005, Sleep, 28, 981
  3. 1983, Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation, 61, 873
  4. 2003, SOCIOL FORUM, 18, 465, 10.1023/A:1025721719973 · DOI
  5. 1995, World Health Organization technical report series, 854, 1
  6. 2008, Sleep medicine reviews, 31, 635

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Krueger, P. M., & Friedman, E. M.
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2009-03-24
Volume
169
Issue
9
Pages
1052-1063
ISSN
  • 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-6256
DOI
10.1093/aje/kwp023
PMC
PMC2727237
OpenAlex
W2142936302
Semantic Scholar
8f830c7a601fb3e69af3b011d5fde0048ed091ac
Cited by
791
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 40
FWCI
49.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (K01AG029381, 1K01-AG29381-01A1)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042849, R21HD051146)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords
sleep duration, long sleep, short sleep duration, sleep patterns, risk factors, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, depression, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol consumption, binge drinking, physical activity, family structure, health status, confounding
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Female, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sleep Deprivation, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, United States, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Age Distribution, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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