Cited by 316Sleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and related disordersWorkplace Health and Well-being

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Long Working Hours and Sleep Disturbances: The Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study

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Virtanen, Marianna, Ferrie, Jane E., Gimeno, David, Vahtera, Jussi, Elovainio, Marko, Singh-Manoux, Archana, Marmot, Michael G., Kivimäki, Mika·2009·SLEEP

DOI 10.1093/sleep/32.6.737PMC PMC2690560

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Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine whether exposure to long working hours predicts various forms of sleep disturbance; short sleep, difficulty falling asleep, frequent waking, early waking and waking without feeling refreshed. DESIGN: Prospective study with 2 measurements of working hours (phase 3, 1991-1994 and phase 5, 1997-1999) and 2 measurements of subjective sleep disturbances (phase 5 and phase 7, 2002-2004). SETTING: The Whitehall II study of British civil servants. PARTICIPANTS: Full time workers free of sleep disturbances at phase 5 and employed at phases 5 and 7 (n = 937-1594) or at phases 3, 5, and 7 (n = 886-1510). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Working more than 55 hours a week, compared with working 35-40 hours a week, was related to incident sleep disturbances; demographics-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) 1.98 (1.05, 3.76) for shortened sleeping hours, 3.68 (1.58, 8.58) for difficulty falling asleep; and 1.98 (1.04, 3.77) for waking without feeling refreshed. Repeat exposure to long working hours was associated with odds ratio 3.24 (1.45, 7.27) for shortened sleep, 6.66 (2.64, 16.83) for difficulty falling asleep, and 2.23 (1.16, 4.31) for early morning awakenings. Some associations were attenuated after adjustment for other risk factors. To a great extent, similar results were obtained using working hours as a continuous variable. Imputation of missing values supported the findings on shortened sleep and difficulty in falling asleep. CONCLUSION: Working long hours appears to be a risk factor for the development of shortened sleeping hours and difficulty falling asleep.

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Authors: Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Gimeno, D., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Kivimäki, M.
Affiliations: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Virtanen, Marianna
ORCID: Virtanen, Marianna
Gimeno, David
Vahtera, Jussi
Elovainio, Marko
Marmot, Michael G.
Venue: SLEEP
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2009-06
Volume: 32
Issue: 6
Pages: 737-745
ISSN: 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
1550-9109
DOI: 10.1093/sleep/32.6.737
PMC: PMC2690560
OpenAlex: W1804651753
Cited by: 316
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 14.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: SLEEP (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research
British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS06516)
National Institute on Aging (AG 13196, R37AG013196, R01AG013196)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL36310, R01HL036310)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Keywords: long working hours, sleep disorders, short sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, early morning awakening, occupational health, public sector employees
MeSH terms: Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fatigue, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Leisure Activities, London, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Statistics as Topic, Work Schedule Tolerance, Cohort Studies, Workload

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