Sleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position
Open accessAbstract
Sleep represents a set of biological functions necessary for the maintenance of life. Performing these functions, though, requires that an individual engage in behaviors, which are affected by social and environmental factors. Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position represent categories of factors that likely play a role in the experience of sleep in the community. Previous studies have suggested that racial/ethnic minorities and the socioeconomically disadvantaged may be more likely to experience sleep patterns that are associated with adverse health outcomes. It is possible that disparities in sleep represent a pathway by which larger disparities in health emerge. This review (1) contextualizes the concept of race/ethnicity in biomedical research, (2) summarizes previous studies that describe patterns of sleep attainment across race/ethnicity groups, (3) discusses several pathways by which race/ethnicity may be associated with sleep, (4) introduces the potential role of socioeconomic position in the patterning of sleep, and (5) proposes future research directions to address this issue.
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Many studies have documented a 'sleep disparity' in the population, such that racial/ethnic minorities, especially in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage, achieve less quality sleep.
“Many studies have documented a “sleep disparity” in the population,19,39 such that racial/ethnic minorities, especially in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage, achieve less quality sleep.”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
Most studies in this area have shown that, overall, blacks/African Americans are more likely to experience short sleep duration compared with non-Hispanic whites.
“Most studies in this area have shown that, overall, blacks/African Americans are more likely to experience short sleep duration compared with non-Hispanic whites.19,39”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
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Impact of Alcoholism on Sleep Architecture and EEG Power Spectra in Men and Women
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Reverse First Night Effect in Insomnia
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Noise and Sleep Among Adult Medical Inpatients: Far From a Quiet Night
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Negative acculturation in sleep duration among Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans
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Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease?
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“A number of studies have also documented adverse health outcomes associated with poor sleep quality [35].”
Are there ethnic differences in sleep architecture?
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When Policy Meets Physiology: The Challenge of Reducing Resident Work Hours
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Short sleep duration is associated with greater alcohol consumption in adults
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Neighborhood effects on health: concentrated advantage and disadvantage
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Dubious bargain: trading sleep for Leno and Letterman
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“In addition, as influences of globalization, technology, and industrialization encroach into an area, the sleeprelated beliefs and practices change dramatically, with the institutionalization of long working hours [94–101] and shiftwork [102–105], and banning of culturally appropriate naps [106–108].”
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Long work hours and adiposity among police officers in a US northeast city
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“However, being in a home with an infant or a child that is having sleep difficulty may interfere with sleep [138–141], as is being a caregiver [142], growing up with a depressed family member [143], and living in a home with someone who works long hours [144,145].”
Co-sleeping, an ancient practice: issues of the past and present, and possibilities for the future
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“For example, the practice of bed-sharing with infants, children, and adult family members occurs to varying degrees across cultures [87–92].”
Sleep-Related Behaviors and Beliefs Associated With Race/Ethnicity in Women
Grandner, M. A., Patel, N. P., Jean‐Louis, G., JACKSON, N. J., Gehrman, P., Perlis, M. L., & Gooneratne, N. S. (2013) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30080-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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Effect of Ethnicity on Sleep: Complexities for Epidemiologic Research
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Ethnicity, sleep, mood, and illumination in postmenopausal women
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Aircraft noise: Effects on macro- and microstructure of sleep
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Social determinants of self-reported sleep problems in South Korea and Taiwan
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Circadian Effects of Light No Brighter Than Moonlight
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Evolutionary perspectives on mother-infant sleep proximity and breastfeeding in a laboratory setting
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Obesity, diabetes, and exercise associated with sleep-related complaints in the American population
Grandner, M. A., Patel, N. P., Perlis, M. L., Gehrman, P. R., Xie, D., Sha, D., Pigeon, W. R., Teff, K., Weaver, T., & Gooneratne, N. S. (2011) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-011-0398-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
From sleep duration to mortality: implications of meta‐analysis and future directions
Grandner, M. A., & Patel, N. P. (2009) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00753.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Obstructive Sleep Apnea Evaluation and Treatment Among Blacks
Shaw, R., McKenzie, S., Taylor, T., Olafiranye, O., Boutin‐Foster, C., Ogedegbe, G. G., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2012) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30217-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Race Are Associated With Adult Sleep
Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2010) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2010.509236 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sleeping like a baby: attitudes and experiences of bedsharing in northeast England
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Actual and perceived sleep: Associations with daytime functioning among postpartum women
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Principal Lifetime Occupation and Sleep Quality in the Elderly
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“Billings and colleagues found that the overlapping phenomena of short sleep duration and the lack of CPAP adherence among Blacks/African Americans may be somewhat related [75].”
Goto, A., Yasumura, S., Nishise, Y., & Sakihara, S. (2003) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03327366 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
State and Regional Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance and Daytime Fatigue
Grandner, M. A., JACKSON, N. J., Pigeon, W. R., Gooneratne, N. S., & Patel, N. P. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.1668 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Discrimination, Chronic Stress, and Mortality Among Black Americans: A Life Course Framework
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Lalley-Chareczko, L., Segal, A. G., Perlis, M. L., Nowakowski, S., Tal, J. Z., & Grandner, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515592651 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Worthman, C. M., & Brown, R. A. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.048 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Subjective sleep disturbance during a smoking cessation program: Associations with relapse
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Burgess, H. J. (2012) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01042.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Predictors of slow-wave sleep in a clinic-based sample
MOKHLESI, B., PANNAIN, S., GHODS, F., & KNUTSON, K. L. (2012) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00959.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chakravorty, S., Grandner, M. A., Kranzler, H. R., Mavandadi, S., Kling, M. A., Perlis, M. L., & Oslin, D. W. (2013) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12009.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Healthy People 2020 Objective Topic Areas
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Shiftwork in the hot environment.
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Sleep and mortality: cause, consequence, or symptom?
Cappuccio, F. P., & Miller, M. A. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Priming affects poor sleepers but not normal sleepers on an Insomnia Ambiguity Task
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A retrospective study on infant bed-sharing in a clinical practice population
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Bed sharing in school-age children–clinical and social implications
Jain, S., Romack, R., & Jain, R. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00293.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sleep reduction in night-shift workers: is it sleep deprivation or a sleep disturbance disorder?
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Sleep deprivation and postpartum mental health
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Sleep disturbances in two-month-old infants sharing the bed with parent(s).
Prato, F. D., Matteo, A. D., Messina, F., & Napolitano, M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Creating an Optimal Sleep Environment
Pigeon, W. R., & Grandner, M. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00022-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
All Work and No Play Makes Jack Lose Sleep
Gangwisch, J. E. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.6.717 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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T-I-071 SHORT SLEEP AND DYSFUNCTIONAL BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD SLEEP AMONG BLACK MEN
Pandey, A., Gekhman, D., Odigie, P., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(11)70284-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [154]Grandner MA Petrov MER Rattanaumpawan P Jackson N Platt A Patel NP Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position J Clin Sleep Med 2013 9 897 905 23997702 PMC3746717
- [155]Whinnery J Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Grandner MA Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position Sleep 2014 37 601 11 24587584 PMC3920327
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Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Allen, N. B., Anderson, C. A. M., Black, T., Brewer, L. C., Foraker, R. E., Grandner, M. A., Lavretsky, H., Perak, A. M., Sharma, G., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001078 · Cited by 2,785 · see citing works
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Self-citationGrandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Johnson, D. A., Jackson, C. L., Williams, N. J., & Alcántara, C. (2019) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s169312 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
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Physical and Social Environment Relationship With Sleep Health and Disorders
Billings, M. E., Hale, L. E., & Johnson, D. A. (2019) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.002 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
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Disparities in Sleep Health and Potential Intervention Models
Billings, M., Cohen, R., Baldwin, C., Johnson, D. A., Palen, B., Parthasarathy, S., Patel, S. R., Russell, M., Tapia, I., Williamson, A. A., et al. (2020) · Chest · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.249 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Association of Short and Long Sleep Duration With Amyloid-β Burden and Cognition in Aging
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A workshop report on the causes and consequences of sleep health disparities
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Irwin, M. R., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Bjurstrom, M. F., Breen, E. C., & Olmstead, R. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3422 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The translational neuroscience of sleep: A contextual framework
Grandner, M. A., & Fernandez, F. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj8188 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Benjafield, A., Kuniyoshi, F. H. S., Malhotra, A., Martin, J. L., Morin, C. M., Maurer, L., Cistulli, P. A., Pépin, J., & Wickwire, E. M. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102121 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Sleep Duration and Diabetes Risk: Population Trends and Potential Mechanisms
Grandner, M. A., Seixas, A. A., Shetty, S., & Shenoy, S. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0805-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Grandner, M. A. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.03.001 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000324 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Yap, Y., Slavish, D. C., Taylor, D. J., Bei, B., & Wiley, J. F. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz250 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Wheaton, A. G., & Claussen, A. H. (2021) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7038a1 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Grandner, M. A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.017 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Johnson, D. A., Lisabeth, L. D., Lewis, T. T., Sims, M., Hickson, D. A., Samdarshi, T. E., Taylor, H. A., & Roux, A. V. D. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5974 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Past, Present, and Future of Multisensory Wearable Technology to Monitor Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Lujan, M. R., Perez-Pozuelo, I., & Grandner, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.721919 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cacciatore, S., Mao, S., Nuñez, M. V., Massaro, C., Spadafora, L., Bernardi, M., Perone, F., Sabouret, P. F., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Banach, M., et al. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03052-1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Racial disparities in sleep: the role of neighborhood disadvantage
Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Curtis, D. S., El‐Sheikh, M., Chae, D. H., Boylan, J. M., & Ryff, C. D. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.10.008 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): A Primer
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“129 disadvantaged, including racial/ethnic minorities [4; 5; 9; 10; 32].”
Social-ecological model of sleep health
Grandner, M. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00005-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lee, S. Y., Ju, Y. J., Lee, J. E., Kim, Y. T., Hong, S., Choi, Y. J., Song, M. K., & Kim, H. Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.069 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sleep and cardiovascular disease: Emerging opportunities for psychology.
Hall, M. H., Brindle, R. C., & Buysse, D. J. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000362 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?
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Sleep duration trends and trajectories among youth in the COMPASS study
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- Authors
- Grandner, M. A., Williams, N. J., Knutson, K. L., Roberts, D., & Jean-Louis, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 18
- Pages
- 7-18
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4631795
- OpenAlex
- W2002880735
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL110216, R01HL095799)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science (R21ES022931)
- University of Pennsylvania Clinical and Translational Research Center (UL1RR024134)
- National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK095207)
- National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD004113)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- sleep disparities, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic position, racial and ethnic minorities, sleep patterns, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities
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