The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Long Working Hours and Sleep Disturbances: The Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine whether exposure to long working hours predicts various forms of sleep disturbance; short sleep, difficulty falling asleep, frequent waking, early waking and waking without feeling refreshed. DESIGN: Prospective study with 2 measurements of working hours (phase 3, 1991-1994 and phase 5, 1997-1999) and 2 measurements of subjective sleep disturbances (phase 5 and phase 7, 2002-2004). SETTING: The Whitehall II study of British civil servants. PARTICIPANTS: Full time workers free of sleep disturbances at phase 5 and employed at phases 5 and 7 (n = 937-1594) or at phases 3, 5, and 7 (n = 886-1510). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Working more than 55 hours a week, compared with working 35-40 hours a week, was related to incident sleep disturbances; demographics-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) 1.98 (1.05, 3.76) for shortened sleeping hours, 3.68 (1.58, 8.58) for difficulty falling asleep; and 1.98 (1.04, 3.77) for waking without feeling refreshed. Repeat exposure to long working hours was associated with odds ratio 3.24 (1.45, 7.27) for shortened sleep, 6.66 (2.64, 16.83) for difficulty falling asleep, and 2.23 (1.16, 4.31) for early morning awakenings. Some associations were attenuated after adjustment for other risk factors. To a great extent, similar results were obtained using working hours as a continuous variable. Imputation of missing values supported the findings on shortened sleep and difficulty in falling asleep. CONCLUSION: Working long hours appears to be a risk factor for the development of shortened sleeping hours and difficulty falling asleep.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As globalization and technology penetrate society, sleep-related beliefs and practices can change, including the provision of longer working hours,113–120 shift work,121–124 and discouraging otherwise culturally appropriate naps.125–127”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [119]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 13,173
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0381 · Cited by 8,163
Compendium of Physical Activities: Classification of energy costs of human physical activities
AINSWORTH, B. E., HASKELL, W. L., LEON, A. S., JACOBS, D. R., MONTOYE, H. J., SALLIS, J. F., & PAFFENBARGER, R. S. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00011 · Cited by 4,102
Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.11.1479 · Cited by 2,440
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Royston, P. (2004) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301 · Cited by 2,340 · cited 1×
“The estimates are obtained by averaging across the results from each of these 20 datasets using Rubin’s rules.(34) The procedure takes account of uncertainty in the imputation as well as uncertainty due to random variation, as undertaken in all multivariable analyses.”
MethodEpidemiologic Study of Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders: An Opportunity for Prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430110069030 · Cited by 2,252
A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research
Jenkins, C. D., Stanton, B.-A., Niemcryk, S. J., & Rose, R. M. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(88)90138-2 · Cited by 1,216
Cohort Profile: The Whitehall II study
Marmot, M. G., & Brunner, E. J. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh372 · Cited by 790
(1997) · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00656.x · Cited by 722
Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours
Åkerstedt, T., Knutsson, A., Westerholm, P., Theorell, T., Alfredsson, L., & Kecklund, G. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00333-1 · Cited by 716
van der Hulst, M. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.720 · Cited by 614
Psychosocial stress and impaired sleep
Åkerstedt, T. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1054 · Cited by 585
Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Cappuccio, F. P., Brunner, E., Miller, M. A., Kumari, M., & Marmot, M. G. (2007) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.12.1659 · Cited by 515
Work load and work hours in relation to disturbed sleep and fatigue in a large representative sample
Åkerstedt, T., Fredlund, P., Gillberg, M., & Jansson, B. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00447-6 · Cited by 402
Insomnia: Epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences
Roth, T. G., & Roehrs, T. (2003) · Clinical cornerstone · doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(03)90031-7 · Cited by 374
Mortality Risk Associated with Sleeping Patterns Among Adults
Wingard, D. L., & Berkman, L. F. (1983) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/6.2.102 · Cited by 371
Individual Differences in Adult Human Sleep and Wakefulness: Leitmotif for a Research Agenda
Dongen, H. P. A. V., Vitellaro, K. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.4.479 · Cited by 339
Effects of Work Hour Reduction on Residents’ Lives: A Systematic Review
Fletcher, K. E., Underwood, W., Davis, S. Q., Mangrulkar, R. S., McMahon, L. F., & Saint, S. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.9.1088 · Cited by 328
Shields, M. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100199 · Cited by 313
Working hours as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in Japan: case-control study
Sokejima, S., & Kagamimori, S. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7161.775 · Cited by 313
INSOMNIA: SYMPTOM OR DIAGNOSIS?
Harvey, A. G. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00083-0 · Cited by 279
Stewart, R. J., Besset, A., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T. S., Lindesay, J. E. B., Jenkins, R., Singleton, N., & Meltzer, H. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1391 · Cited by 275
The direct economic costs of insomnia in the United States for 1995.
Walsh, J. K., & Engelhardt, C. L. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 229
Long working hours, occupational health and the changing nature of work organization
Johnson, J. V., & Lipscomb, J. (2006) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.20383 · Cited by 214
Sateia, M. J., & Nowell, P. D. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17480-1 · Cited by 194
Need for recovery from work: evaluating short-term effects of working hours, patterns and schedules
Jansen, N., Kant, I., van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M., Nijhuis, F. J. N., & van den Brandt, P. A. (2003) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/0014013031000085662 · Cited by 188
Sekine, M., Chandola, T., Martikainen, P., Marmot, M. G., & Kagamimori, S. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.2.206 · Cited by 156
Long Working Hours and Subjective Fatigue Symptoms.
Jungsun, P. A. R. K., Kim, Y., Chung, H. K., & Hisanaga, N. (2001) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.39.250 · Cited by 128
Ribet, C., & Derriennic, F. (1999) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.4.491 · Cited by 119
Sleep Disorders in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease
Partinen, M., Putkonen, P. T. S., Kaprio, J. A., Koskenvuo, M., & Hilakivi, I. T. (1982) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb00362.x · Cited by 117
Sleep Loss and Fatigue in Healthcare Professionals
Owens, J. A. (2007) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.jpn.0000270624.64584.9d · Cited by 107
Desforges, J. F., & Aldrich, M. S. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199008093230606 · Cited by 93
Trait anxiety and sleep-onset insomnia
Viens, M., Koninck, J. D., Mercier, P., St-Onge, M., & Lorrain, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00568-8 · Cited by 67
Work-Related Sleep Disturbances and Sickness Absence in the Swedish Working Population, 1993–1999
Westerlund, H., Alexanderson, K. A. E., Åkerstedt, T., Hanson, L. L. M., Theorell, T., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep/31.8.1169 · Cited by 66
Vahtera, J., Pentti, J., Helenius, H. Y. M., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.5.673 · Cited by 61
Extended Working Hours and Health
Raediker, B., Janßen, D., Schomann, C., & Nachreiner, F. (2006) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520601096245 · Cited by 56
(2006) · doi:10.1539/sangyoeisei.48.87 · Cited by 50
Estimated sleep debt and work stress in Japanese white‐collar workers
Kageyama, T., Nishikido, N., Kobayashi, T., & Kawagoe, H. (2001) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00831.x · Cited by 46
Mika Kivimaki, B., Head, J. A., Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Steptoe, A., Vahtera, J., & Marmot, M. G. (2007) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.06.006 · Cited by 32
Overtime, Job Stressors, Sleep/Rest, and Fatigue of Japanese Workers in a Company
Sasaki, T., Iwasaki, K., Mori, I., Hisanaga, N., & Shibata, E. (2007) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.45.237 · Cited by 32
White, I. R., Altmann, D. R., & Nanchahal, K. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00710.x · Cited by 31
Lifestyle and work predictors of fatigue in Japanese manufacturing workers
Yamazaki, S., Fukuhara, S., Suzukamo, Y., Morita, S., Okamura, T., Tanaka, T., & Ueshima, H. (2007) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqm006 · Cited by 24
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Sparks K, Cooper C, Fried Y, et al. The effects of hours of work 13. on health: A meta-analytic review. J Occup Organ Psychol 1997;70:391-408.
- Fujino Y, Horie S, Hoshuyama T, Tsutsui T, Tanaka Y. A system- 16. atic review of working hours and mental health burden. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2006;48:87.
- Ford D, Kamerow D. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances 38. and psychiatric disorders. JAMA 1989;262:1479-84.
- Aldrich M. Narcolepsy. N Engl J Med 1990;323:389-94.
- Sekine M, Chandola T, Martikainen P, Marmot M, Kagamimori 22. S. Work and family characteristics as determinants of socioeco- nomic and sex inequalities in sleep: The Japanese Civil Servants Study. Sleep 2006;29:206-16.
- Sateia MJ, Nowell PD. Insomnia. Lancet 2004;364:1959-73.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stress and cardiovascular disease
Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45 · Cited by 1,321
Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720
The cost of work-related stress to society: A systematic review
Hassard, J., Teoh, K. R. H., Visockaite, G., Dewe, P., & Cox, T. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000069 · Cited by 652
(2014) · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3388 · Cited by 648
Sleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position
Grandner, M. A., Williams, N. J., Knutson, K. L., Roberts, D., & Jean-Louis, G. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.020 · Cited by 481
Metadata
- Authors
- Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Gimeno, D., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Kivimäki, M.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Virtanen, Marianna
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 737-745
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2690560
- OpenAlex
- W1804651753
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 14.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS06516)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13196, R37AG013196, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- long working hours, sleep disorders, short sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, early morning awakening, occupational health, public sector employees
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fatigue, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Leisure Activities, London, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Statistics as Topic, Work Schedule Tolerance, Cohort Studies, Workload
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
