What do people do before going to bed? A study of bedtime procrastination using time use surveys
Abstract
Study Objectives: Bedtime procrastination (BP) is defined as going to bed later than intended despite absence of external reasons. This study investigated sleep and psychological factors associated with BP in young adults, and further compared how high and low BP groups spend their time over 24 h and also 3 h prior to bedtime using time use surveys. Methods: Young adults (N = 106) from the community were classified as either high (n = 54) or low (n = 52) BP group based on the Bedtime Procrastination Scale. All participants were asked to complete questionnaires on insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress, and chronotype, in addition to keeping a 7-day sleep diary and completing time use surveys over 48 h. Results: Participants were 61.3% female, mean age 22.7 (±2.89) years old. Individuals in the high BP group reported significantly more depression, anxiety, and insomnia, went to bed later, woke up later, and had more eveningness tendencies compared to the low BP group. Results from the time use surveys revealed that the high BP group spent significantly more time engaging in leisure and social activity with the majority of time spent using media over 24 h compared to the low BP group. Finally, the high BP group spent on average approximately 451% (or 61 min) more time per day on their smartphone 3 h prior to bedtime compared to the low BP group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that BP is negatively associated with sleep and mood, and should be considered a serious health-interfering behavior.
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Recent reports suggest that many adolescents still use their smartphones or other media devices in bed until only a few minutes before trying to sleep.
“recent reports suggest that especially many adolescents still use their smartphones or other media devices in bed until only a few minutes before trying to sleep [58,59].”
From Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Chung, S. J., An, H., & Suh, S.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Sungshin Women's University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Suh, Sooyeon
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-11-04
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2986424123
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 12.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018S1A5A8026807)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- bedtime procrastination, young adults, sleep timing, chronotype, eveningness, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress, media use, social and leisure activities, time use, mood
- MeSH terms
- Procrastination, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Young Adult
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