Cited by 564Sleep and related disordersSleep and Work-Related FatigueCircadian rhythm and melatonin

American Time Use Survey: Sleep Time and Its Relationship to Waking Activities

Open access
Basner, Mathias, Fomberstein, Kenneth M., Razavi, Farid M., Banks, Siobhan, William, Jeffrey H., Rosa, Roger R., Dinges, David F.·2007·Sleep

Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To gain some insight into how various behavioral (lifestyle) factors influence sleep duration, by investigation of the relationship of sleep time to waking activities using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from ATUS, an annual telephone survey of a population sample of US citizens who are interviewed regarding how they spent their time during a 24-hour period between 04:00 on the previous day and 04:00 on the interview day. PARTICIPANTS: Data were pooled from the 2003, 2004, and 2005 ATUS databases involving N=47,731 respondents older than 14 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. RESULTS: Adjusted multiple linear regression models showed that the largest reciprocal relationship to sleep was found for work time, followed by travel time, which included commute time. Only shorter than average sleepers (<7.5 h) spent more time socializing, relaxing, and engaging in leisure activities, while both short (<5.5 h) and long sleepers (> or =8.5 h) watched more TV than the average sleeper. The extent to which sleep time was exchanged for waking activities was also shown to depend on age and gender. Sleep time was minimal while work time was maximal in the age group 45-54 yr, and sleep time increased both with lower and higher age. CONCLUSIONS: Work time, travel time, and time for socializing, relaxing, and leisure are the primary activities reciprocally related to sleep time among Americans. These activities may be confounding the frequently observed association between short and long sleep on one hand and morbidity and mortality on the other hand and should be controlled for in future studies.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/sleep/30.9.1085

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Simpson NS, Punjabi NM, Dinges DF. Sleep and mortality. In: Chokroverty SM, Montagna P, eds. Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier (in press)
  2. Walsh JW, Dement C, Dinges DF. Sleep medicine, public policy and health. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 2005:648-56.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Basner, M., Fomberstein, K. M., Razavi, F. M., Banks, S., William, J. H., Rosa, R. R., & Dinges, D. F.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US)
Corresponding author
Basner, Mathias
Venue
Sleep
Published
2007-09
Volume
30
Issue
9
Pages
1085-1095
ISSN
  • 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-9109
OpenAlex
W1590346268
Cited by
564
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 31
FWCI
20.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • SLEEP (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC958)
  • National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NCC 9‐58)
  • National Institutes of Health (NCC9-58)
  • National Institute of Nursing Research (NR04281, R01NR004281)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords
sleep duration, time use, working hours, travel time, commuting time, leisure, socializing, television viewing, short sleepers, long sleepers, age differences, gender differences, confounding factors
MeSH terms
Activity Cycles, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Health Status, Humans, Leisure Activities, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Deprivation, Social Environment, United States, Work Schedule Tolerance, Linear Models, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review