American Time Use Survey: Sleep Time and Its Relationship to Waking Activities
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To gain some insight into how various behavioral (lifestyle) factors influence sleep duration, by investigation of the relationship of sleep time to waking activities using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from ATUS, an annual telephone survey of a population sample of US citizens who are interviewed regarding how they spent their time during a 24-hour period between 04:00 on the previous day and 04:00 on the interview day. PARTICIPANTS: Data were pooled from the 2003, 2004, and 2005 ATUS databases involving N=47,731 respondents older than 14 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. RESULTS: Adjusted multiple linear regression models showed that the largest reciprocal relationship to sleep was found for work time, followed by travel time, which included commute time. Only shorter than average sleepers (<7.5 h) spent more time socializing, relaxing, and engaging in leisure activities, while both short (<5.5 h) and long sleepers (> or =8.5 h) watched more TV than the average sleeper. The extent to which sleep time was exchanged for waking activities was also shown to depend on age and gender. Sleep time was minimal while work time was maximal in the age group 45-54 yr, and sleep time increased both with lower and higher age. CONCLUSIONS: Work time, travel time, and time for socializing, relaxing, and leisure are the primary activities reciprocally related to sleep time among Americans. These activities may be confounding the frequently observed association between short and long sleep on one hand and morbidity and mortality on the other hand and should be controlled for in future studies.
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Homework/studying duration was inversely associated with time for nocturnal sleep in adolescents.
“Similar to previous findings for paid work in adults, 28 we found that homework/studying duration was inversely associated with time for nocturnal sleep in adolescents.”
From Associations of time spent on homework or studying with nocturnal sleep behavior and depression symptoms in adolescents from Singapore (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
Environmental factors such as occupational duties, commute time, family responsibilities, and social and recreational opportunities can lead to substantial discrepancies between the amount of sleep needed and the amount of sleep obtained.
“Environmental factors, such as occupational duties and commute time, family responsibilities, and social and recreational opportunities, can lead to substantial discrepancies between the amount of sleep needed and the amount of sleep obtained.50”
Epidemiological studies of a very large representative sample of Americans supported the conclusion that adults aged 18 to 60 years had shorter sleep durations than those younger and older.
“Epidemiological studies of a very large representative sample of Americans also supported the conclusion that adults aged 18 to 60 years had shorter sleep durations than those younger and older.50,59”
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- Authors
- Basner, M., Fomberstein, K. M., Razavi, F. M., Banks, S., William, J. H., Rosa, R. R., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Basner, Mathias
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1085-1095
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC1978395
- OpenAlex
- W1590346268
- Cited by
- 564
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 20.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC958)
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NCC 9‐58)
- National Institutes of Health (NCC9-58)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR04281, R01NR004281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep duration, time use, working hours, travel time, commuting time, leisure, socializing, television viewing, short sleepers, long sleepers, age differences, gender differences, confounding factors
- MeSH terms
- Activity Cycles, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Health Status, Humans, Leisure Activities, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Deprivation, Social Environment, United States, Work Schedule Tolerance, Linear Models, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
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