The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review
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Studies have shown that preventative factors such as sleep are often negatively correlated with problematic smartphone use.
“Studies have also shown that preventative factors such as sleep are often negatively correlated with problematic smartphone use.11”
From An Intervention Utilizing the Salience Principle to Reduce Pharmacy Students’ Psychological Attraction to Smartphones (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review
Lund, L., Sølvhøj, I. N., Danielsen, D., & Andersen, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11640-9 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Nomophobia and lifestyle: Smartphone use and its relationship to psychopathologies
Gonçalves, S., Dias, P. C., & Correia, A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100025 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
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Revisiting the relationship between smartphone use and academic performance: A large-scale study
Lin, Y., Yong, L., Fan, W., Tuunainen, V. K., & Deng, S. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106835 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
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Dynamics of adolescents’ smartphone use and well-being are positive but ephemeral
Marciano, L., Driver, C., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05291-y · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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Cheng, D., Tai, Z., & Ni, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708970 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“A second gap in the literature that has been brought forward by the review articles and meta-analyses is the lack of objective measures of smartphone use, such as smart-phone tracking (Carter et al., 2016; Hale & Guan, 2015; LeBourgeois et al., 2017; Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020).”
Buabbas, A. J., Al-Mass, M. A., Al-Tawari, B. A., & Buabbas, M. A. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02417-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Wang, D., Nie, X., Dexiu, Z., & Hu, Y. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107142 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Buabbas, A. J., Hasan, H., & Shehab, A. A. (2021) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/24196 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the participants in our study also believed that a sedentary lifestyle and excessive use of SP devices were associated with obesity, consistent with previous findings [18,42], and that the family environment plays an important role in this matter [18,43].”
ResultVedova, A. M. D., Covolo, L., Muscatelli, M., Loscalzo, Y., Giannini, M., & Gelatti, U. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107243 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Taskin, B., & Ok, C. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12090091 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Samek, D. R., Crumly, B., Akua, B. A., Dawson, M., & Duke, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12897 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ouyang, Q., Liu, Q., Song, P.-Y., Wang, J., & Yang, S. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2148697 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have shown that smartphone addiction could cause sleep problems, which might be related to late bedtime and abnormal melatonin levels because of the blue light emitted from smartphones (Mac Carthaigh et al., 2020).”
BackgroundZhao, C., He, J., Xu, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, G., & Yu, G. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107906 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Messena, M., & Everri, M. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045221127886 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sumter, S. R., Baumgartner, S. E., & Wiradhany, W. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2350663 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Recent reviews demonstrate that there is a small negative relationship (see, for example, Hale et al. 2019; Mac Cárthaigh, Gri ffi n, and Perry 2020; Yang et al. 2020) or no relationship (e.g. Lund et al. 2021) between smart-phone use and sleep.”
Chen, J., & Wu, W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147438 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Several plausible explanations and studies have supported the link from problematic smartphone use to sleep problems [3,15].”
BackgroundInfluentialMyers, E., Drees, E. T., & Cain, J. (2022) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8717 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of COVID-19 Epidemic on Smartphone use and Sleep in Adolescents
Sülün, A. A., Yayan, E. H., & Düken, M. E. (2021) · Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2021.02996 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Italian version of the mobile phone problematic use scale for adults (MPPUS): A validation study
Agus, M., Mascia, M. L., Bonfiglio, N. S., & Penna, M. P. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12209 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The reciprocity between psychological need frustration and adolescent problematic smartphone use
Zhang, M. X., Kam, C. C. S., & Wu, A. M. S. (2024) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101634 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Alexander, J. D., Nguyen‐Louie, T. T., Gupta, S., Cummins, K. M., & Wade, N. E. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116523 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Examining the Interplay of Smartphone Use Disorder, Mental Health, and Physical Symptoms
Reer, F., Wehden, L.-O., Janzik, R., & Quandt, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.834835 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Association between Sleep Patterns, Educational Identity, and School Performance in Adolescents
Bacaro, V., Andreose, A., Grimaldi, M., Natale, V., Tonetti, L., & Crocetti, E. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020178 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Moreover, other adolescents’ typical at-risk behaviors, such as substance use and digital-media overuse [40,41], which can negatively impact their sleep, and subjective school experience should be controlled when evaluating this association.”
BackgroundNomophobia, phubbing, and deficient sleep patterns in college students
Ayala, M. J. G., de la Rosa, O. M. A., Catacora, M. A. D. P. C., Onofre, E. V., Checa, E. C., & Flores, D. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1421162 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, S., Kim, S.-J., Yang, S.-J., & Shin, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610252 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cerutti, R., Presaghi, F., Spensieri, V., Fontana, A., & Amendola, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052612 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Sleep problems were related to both smartphone use [32] and PMPU [33,34].”
BackgroundPan, Y., Zhang, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, D., Huang, S., & Fan, F. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120440 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tomczyk, Ł., Selmanagić-Lizde, E., Mascia, M. L., Bonfiglio, N. S., Renati, R., Guillén‐Gámez, F. D., & Penna, M. P. (2024) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-024-10120-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The riskiness of this phenomenon manifests itself in the occurrence of negative phenomena in both individual and social dimensions (Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020).”
Ho, T. T. Q., Tran, T. K. L., & Huynh, V.-S. (2023) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-08-2022-0081 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Olaya-Cotera, S., Iparraguirre-Villanueva, O., & Flores-Castañeda, R. O. (2025) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2025-0014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lai, X., Nie, C., Huang, S., Yao, Y., Li, Y., Dai, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101481 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Morata-Sampaio, L., Santana, M. L. M., & Bitata, M. D. P. E. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08198-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“After uploading the search results into Rayyan and removing duplicates, 113 studies published before 2007 were excluded, as 2007 marked the beginning of the widespread adoption of mobile electronic devices (Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020 ).”
The association between anxiety, activity performance and nomophobia in students
Göktaş, A., & ÜSTÜNDAĞ, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17419-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, these studies reveal a significant correlation between problematic smartphone use and anxiety 28,31 and suggest that excessive smartphone use can lead to consequences such as changes in gene regulation, headaches, auditory and visual disturbances, fatigue, memory loss, difficulty…”
Bozorghkhoo, Z., Safari, A. R., mortezabeigi, Z., & Farid, A. A. A. (2022) · Health Monitor Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research · doi:10.52547/payesh.21.2.197 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ali, S. (2024) · Trends in Nursing and Health Care Journal · doi:10.21608/tnhcj.2024.248029.1035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marino, C., Zagaria, A., Casale, S., Vieno, A., Canale, N., Franceschini, C., Mansueto, G., & Spada, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00055 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…quantity, poor sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness are associated with portable screen-based media devices like smartphones (Carter, Rees, Hale, Bhattacharjee, & Paradkar, 2016) with systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Mac Carthaigh, Grif fi n, & Perry, 2020) supporting these fi ndings.”
Cárthaigh, S. M., Perry, J. L., & Griffin, C. P. (2022) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2136533 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A recent systematic review has indicated a weak-to-moderate correlation between sleep quality and PSU (Mac Cárthaigh, Gri ffi n, and Perry 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSmartphones y Tablets, desarrollo psicológico y aprendizaje infantil: una revisión sistemática
Franz-Torres, M. R., Departamento de Psicología, U. D. C. (., López, M., & Departamento de Psicología, U. D. C. (. (2022) · Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education · doi:10.23923/rpye2023.01.233 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…con evidencia sobre el impacto del uso de SP&T en el desarrollo de la enseñanza de habilidades en niños pequeños (Herodotou, 2018), la salud mental y el sueño en adolescentes (Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020 ; Orben, 2020) y universitarios (Agila-Palacios et al., 2017 ; Cabero-Alemanra et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBibliometric Analysis of Smartphone Addiction Literature
Wong, B. Y., Yeo, K. J., & Lee, S.-H. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241271286 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dependencia del móvil y impulsividad: Diferencias entre sexos y rango etario
Dias, P. C., & del Castillo, J. A. G. (2022) · INFORMACIO PSICOLOGICA · doi:10.14635/ipsic.1918 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pola Tidur Anak Usia 10-12 Tahun dengan Riwayat Penggunaan Smartphone
Indriani, N. (2022) · PROFESSIONAL HEALTH JOURNAL · doi:10.54832/phj.v4i1.339 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Did smartphones enhance or diminish well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Heyman, J. L., & Kushlev, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1094196 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Basu, S. K., Sharma, P., Singh, A., Makhija, D., Raghu, P., Mohanty, P., & Mourya, S. (2025) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531251360116 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does Exhaustion Lead to Problematic Smartphone Use or Vice Versa?—A Loss of Control Perspective
Li, Y., Chen, S., Hou, X., & Zhou, N. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01404-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For example, PSU might be associated with poor sleep quality due to late-night use (Mac Carthaigh et al., 2020), which impairs cognitive performance in the morning (Chang et al., 2015), potentially affecting job performance and leading to emotional exhaustion.”
Eskandari, H., Asadi, M. R. V., & Khodabandelou, R. (2022) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2022.2151981 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, summaries of numerous studies indicate that there is a weak to moderate correlation between sleep quality and sleep quantity on the one hand and inappropriate use of smartphones on the other (Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020).”
BackgroundZhang, Q. (2025) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2025.2488978 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This addiction is associated with various adverse outcomes, including increased aggression (Deng et al., 2024), heightened shyness (Gao et al., 2025; Zhang et al., 2022), elevated loneliness (Ge et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2020), and poor sleep quality (Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2023).”
Xie, Z., Zhang, Z., Sun, J., & Han, J. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.108694 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Rahmati, S., & Wright, P. J. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08785-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smolders, K. C. H. J., de Woestijne, G. D.-V., Meijer, K. A., McConchie, H., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/38066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smartphone Addiction and Sleep Status in Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic
Molu, B., Baş, M. T., & Özpulat, F. (2023) · Genel Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.54005/geneltip.1243170 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cockerham, D., Tyler-Wood, T. L., & Lin, L. (2024) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12405 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jeong, E. (2024) · Research in Community and Public Health Nursing · doi:10.12799/rcphn.2024.00549 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The relative importance of transdiagnostic factors associated with problematic smartphone use
Roberts, M. Z., Tifft, E. D., Underwood, S. B., & Forsyth, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Electronic Media Use and Sleep in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic ReviewPreprint
Lund, L., Sølvhøj, I. N., Danielsen, D., & Andersen, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-234685/v1
Studi Literatur: Efek Penggunaan Smartphone Terhadap Durasi Tidur
Noeradiana, M. D. P. U., Yulianto, F. A., & Masria, S. (2023) · Bandung Conference Series Medical Science · doi:10.29313/bcsms.v3i1.6148
Sleep quality and sedentary behavior among cancer survivors: is there a possible link?
Tuğral, A., Bakar, Y., & Akyol, M. (2024) · Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.15437/jetr.1375131
Nomofobia e sintomas depressivos, de estresse e de ansiedade: estudo comparativo e correlacional
de Queiróz, P. R. C., Thomé-Ferreira, V. R., & de Medeiro, V. S. D. O. (2024) · Revista de Psicologia · doi:10.5354/0719-0581.2024.72621 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…em relação à nomofobia, apesar de já ter sido apontada uma dificuldade crescente na relação do uso de smartphone no ambiente de trabalho (Cárthaigh et al., 2020), e a ameaça social faz com o usuário fique mais propenso ao uso problemático do smartphone, na tentativa de sentir-se…”
The effects of screen time on teen sleep
Song, B. (2025) · Scholarly review . · doi:10.70121/001c.139030
Social media addiction disrupts the sleep, moods and social activities of teens and young adults
Pagani, L. S., Harandian, K., Gauthier, B., Necsa, B., Kosak, L.-A., & Beauchamp, A. (2023) · doi:10.64628/aam.jp94wdrn7
Kang, J., Kwon, B., Lee, I. H., & Lee, G. (2025) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2025.2544969
Lund, L., Sølvhøj, I. N., Danielsen, D., & Andersen, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16703188
Buabbas, A. J., Al-Mass, M. A., Al-Tawari, B. A., & Buabbas, M. A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13240325
Decorte, P., Poels, K., Vuye, C., Lembrechts, J. J., BARROS, A. G. D., Couscheir, K., & de Bruijn, G. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001232
Bothe, K., Frytz, P., Höhn, C., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2026) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70405 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Are Smartphones Associated With Stress and Poor Sleep Quality? The Perspective of Dental Students
Şanlıdağ, A., Aydın, T., Uzel, M. C., & Navruz, C. Y. (2026) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.70293
Mohamed, M. G., Ragab, M. A., Abolwafa, N. F., Fawzy, A. M., Mahmoud, Z. A., & Ali, H. M. (2026) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608261489105
“These explanations are supported by previous evidence linking problematic smartphone use with reduced sleep duration and poorer sleep outcomes among adolescents and young adults (Liu et al., 2017; Mac Cárthaigh et al., 2020).”
Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Yuan, S., Yang, T., & Li, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1865079
“A systematic review also indicated a relatively stable relationship between problematic smartphone use and sleep disturbance, particularly among adolescents and young adults (81).”
- Authors
- Mac Cárthaigh, S., Griffin, C., & Perry, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Limerick (IE)
- Venue
- Developmental Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 55
- Pages
- 100897
- ISSN
- 0273-2297 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3008834823
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- sleep, smartphone addiction, adolescents, sleep quality, sleep duration, mobile devices, screen time, mental health
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