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Cited by 10Forest Biomass Utilization and ManagementWood Residue Utilization and Solid BiofuelsMunicipal Solid Waste Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 22 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Costs, CO2 Emissions, and Energy Balances of Applying Nordic Slash Recovery Methods in British Columbia

Open access
Lindroos, Ola, Nilsson, Björn, Sowlati, Taraneh·2011·Western Journal of Applied Forestry
DOI 10.1093/wjaf/26.1.30
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Abstract

This study evaluated the costs, CO2 emissions, and energy balances associated with three potential systems for recovering roadside slash in British Columbia, Canada, in which the biomass is transported as slash, hog fuel, or bundles. Costs, CO2 emissions, and energy balances of all three systems showed strong dependence on transportation distance and considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size). The results indicated that the hog fuel system is the cheapest, per unit of delivered biomass, whereas the bundle system is the most expensive system when transportation distances are short (<100 km), and the slash system is the most expensive when transportation distances exceed 100 km. However, the viability of the systems is strongly dependent on payload assumptions.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study models three Nordic-style roadside slash recovery systems in British Columbia—transporting loose slash, hog fuel, or bundles—and compares their costs, CO₂ emissions, and energy balances. Results depend strongly on transport distance and weakly on slash amount at landing, with hog fuel generally cheapest and payload assumptions strongly affecting system viability.

Key findings

  • The hog fuel system had the lowest cost per unit of delivered biomass; the bundle system was most expensive for short distances (<100 km), and the slash system was most expensive for distances >100 km.
  • For CO₂ emissions and energy balance, the slash system was most favorable for short distances (<10 km), but for longer distances it generated the highest CO₂ emissions and used the most energy per recovered energy unit; bundle and hog fuel systems were similar.
  • Excluding transport and loading/unloading (0 km), comminuting loose slash with a stationary grinder was most favorable for costs, CO₂ emissions, and energy balance, while bundling before comminution was least cost-efficient but second best for CO₂ and as favorable as loose slash for energy balance.
  • Payload sensitivity was decisive: a 10% increase in slash-system truck payload made it cheaper than or equal to the bundle system at all assessed distances and most viable at >150 km; a 10% increase in bundle-system payload made it most cost-efficient for small slash amounts and long distances (>200 km); a 10% increase in hog fuel payload made it most viable for all distances except 50 km.

Methods

  • Theoretical system analysis based mainly on published literature, complemented by field studies and contacts/interviews with Swedish and Canadian companies and experts; detailed input data are in Nilsson (2009).
  • Three systems were modeled: slash (loose slash trucked to industrial site, then comminuted), hog fuel (comminuted at roadside, then trucked), and bundles (compressed at landing, trucked, then comminuted).
  • Costs were modeled per oven-dry metric tonne (ODt) by summing machinery costs, with 2008 Canadian dollars as base year; analysis covered cutting blocks of 5, 10, and 50 ha (150, 300, and 1,500 ODt) and transport distances of 50–300 km at 50-km intervals, plus payload sensitivity of ±10%.

Limitations

  • The paper states that it evaluates systems not yet in operation, so assumptions about solid content in roadside piles and trucks, machine costs, fuel consumption, and machine productivity are unavoidable sources of variability and possible inaccuracy; absolute cost levels might deviate from practical trials in British Columbia.
  • The paper states that transferring machinery costs and productivity from one region to another is difficult because of differences in landscape, infrastructure, and laws, and that the study addresses only a limited part of a full life-cycle assessment of energy and CO₂ efficiency.
  • Evident from the text: the results are theoretical and interview/literature-based rather than validated by operational trials in British Columbia, and cross-continent cost comparisons are complicated by exchange rate fluctuations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/wjaf/26.1.30

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

1 of 22 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingnone given

    The viability of the systems is strongly dependent on payload assumptions.

    “However, the viability of the systems is strongly dependent on payload assumptions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Simultaneously changing payloads for all systems equally (±10%) did not affect the relationships between systems.

    “Simultaneously changing payloads for all systems equally (Ϯ10%) did not affect the relationships between systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.
  • Findingown data

    Bundling before comminution was second best in terms of CO2 emissions.

    “However, bundling before comminution was second best in terms of CO 2 emissions and as favorable as comminuting loose slash in the stationary grinder in terms of energy balance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: All systems have the same proportion of down time.
  • Findingown data

    Under the same 10% payload increase for the slash system, it tallied with other systems in terms of CO2 emissions and energy balance at the assessed distances.

    “It also tallied with other systems in terms of CO 2 emissions and energy balance at the assessed distances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.
  • Findingown data

    A 10% decrease in hog fuel payload made the hog fuel system the least viable in terms of CO2 emissions and energy balance.

    “A 10% decrease in payload did not affect the reported cost relations, but the system became the least viable in terms of CO 2 emissions and energy balance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 21
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 25

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Corresponding costs of Can.$77/ODt for a slash system and Can.$84/ODt for a bundle system were estimated by Lindroos et al. (2010), which tally with the costs in the study presented here, despite excluding relocation costs.

    “Corresponding costs of Can.$77/ODt for a slash system and Can.$84/ODt for a bundle system were estimated by Lindroos et al. (2010), which tally with the costs in the study presented here, despite excluding relocation costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lindroos et al. 2010 source

      The Methods section (page unavailable) describes a cost comparison of loose logging residues and bundling systems, and section 3.4 discusses the estimated cost differences. The available Table 8 passage does not show the cost figures, so Can.$77/ODt and Can.$84/ODt cannot be verified; the paper also does not state that relocation costs were excluded. Whether those estimates tally with the citing authors’ study is their own comparison, not a finding attributed to Lindroos et al. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Under the same 10% bundle payload increase, the bundle system generally became the most efficient system in terms of CO2 emissions and energy balance, with an increased advantage over other systems with increased distance.

    “Moreover, it generally became the most efficient system in terms of CO 2 emissions and energy balance, with an increased advantage over other systems with increased distance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Relocation costs per unit slash decreased with increases in slash amounts, although the decrease declined considerably even at quite small slash amounts.

    “The relocation costs per unit slash, on the other hand, decreased with increases in slash amounts, although the decrease declined considerably even at quite small slash amounts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Both transport and relocation costs increased with distance.

    “Both transport and relocation costs increased with the distance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Costs, CO2 emissions, and energy balances of all three systems showed strong dependence on transportation distance and considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size).

    “Costs, CO 2 emissions, and energy balances of all three systems showed strong dependence on transportation distance and considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size).”
    • Also stated in: § Results · boosted
      “As shown in Figure 2, costs, CO 2 emissions, and energy balance of all three systems show a strong dependence on distance and a considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: All systems have the same proportion of down time.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    An alternative to the study assumptions, if space allows, is to discharge comminuted material directly into a waiting truck, but then the comminution and road transport operations would be dependent on each other.

    “An alternative to the study assumptions, if space allows, is to discharge comminuted material directly into a waiting truck, but then the comminution and road transport operations would be dependent on each other.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The Nordic countries of Sweden and Finland are pioneers of the systematic large-scale use of forest residues for energy production.

    “The Nordic countries of Sweden and Finland are pioneers of the systematic large-scale use of forest residues for energy production (Hakkila andParikka 2002, Junginger et al. 2005), limbs, tops, and small noncommercial trees (i.e., what is called slash in North America and logging residues in Europe) being the main assortment used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hakkila andParikka 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Junginger et al. 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The potential for recovering in-field slash in Alberta and both pine beetle-infested trees and roadside slash in the interior of British Columbia as feedstock for biomass power production has been analyzed in previous studies.

    “The potential for recovering in-field slash in Alberta and both pine beetle-infested trees and roadside slash in the interior of British Columbia as feedstock for biomass power production has been analyzed in previous studies (Kumar et al. 2003, 2008, Mahmoudi et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kumar et al. 2003, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mahmoudi et al. 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    Irrespective of the comminution technique, a practical limitation of the assumed hog fuel system is that comminution at landing requires flat, cleared storage sites.

    “Irrespective of the comminution technique, a practical limitation of the assumed hog fuel system is that comminution at landing requires flat, cleared storage sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In the Nordic countries, the roadside piles represent one category of the intended products of commercial harvesting.

    “In the Nordic countries, however, the roadside piles represent one category of the intended products of commercial harvesting (Andersson et al. 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Andersson et al. 2002 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Recovering slash for energy purposes (e.g., combusted in combined heat and power stations) could produce electric power and heat in a manner that considerably reduces both the use of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions.

    “If the slash were recovered for energy purposes (e.g., combusted in combined heat and power stations), both electric power and heat could be produced in a manner that considerably reduced both the use of fossil fuels and CO 2 emissions (Jones et al. 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jones et al. 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Systems used for slash recovery in the Nordic countries could provide suitable benchmarks for British Columbia, but they would have to be adapted to suit conditions in British Columbia.

    “Systems used for slash recovery in the Nordic countries could provide suitable benchmarks, but they would have to be adapted to suit the conditions in British Columbia”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If a mobile chipper is used instead, the fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs of the comminuting and relocation are all likely to be lower, as chippers are normally smaller machines of lower productivity.

    “If a mobile chipper is used instead, the fuel consumption, CO 2 emissions, and costs of the comminuting and relocation are all likely to be lower, as chippers are normally smaller machines of lower productivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Chippers are more sensitive to dirty material than crushers.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    Slash is placed in roadside piles in both British Columbia and the Nordic countries.

    “Hence, although different commercial logging systems are used in British Columbia and the Nordic countries, slash is placed in roadside piles in both regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Various recovery systems for slash have been developed in the Nordic countries.

    “Various recovery systems for this new assortment have been developed in the Nordic countries (Andersson et al. 2002, Eriksson andGustavsson 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Andersson et al. 2002 source
    • cites Eriksson andGustavsson 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To exploit fully the benefits of using the highly productive grinder, large amounts of slash and efficient feeding are required.

    “To exploit fully the benefits of using the highly productive grinder, large amounts of slash and efficient feeding are required.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was based on the best available data in the literature and information from interviews with experienced stakeholders and researchers.

    “However, the study was based on the best available data in the literature and information from interviews with experienced stakeholders and researchers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Difficulties involved in transferring machinery costs and productivity from one region to another are due to fundamental differences influencing their performance, such as landscape characteristics, infrastructure, and laws.

    “The difficulties involved in transferring machinery costs and productivity from one region to another are due to several fundamental differences influencing their performance, such as landscape characteristics, infrastructure, and laws.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A standard unit is created that can be handled efficiently, thus giving logistic advantages.

    “Moreover, a standard unit is created that can be handled efficiently, thus giving logistic advantages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The Swedish costs are the result of several decades of efficiency improvement and accompanying cost-cutting; this implies that a slash recovery system in British Columbia is likely, initially, to have substantially higher costs.

    “Moreover, the Swedish costs are the result of several decades of efficiency improvement and accompanying cost-cutting (Junginger et al. 2005); this implies that a slash recovery system in British Columbia is likely, initially, to have substantially higher costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Junginger et al. 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Further urbanization and competition for valuable land may promote use of compressed biomass, disfavoring use of loose slash unless terminals are used.

    “Further urbanization and competition for valuable land may therefore promote use of compressed biomass, that is, disfavor the use of loose slash unless terminals are used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Mahmoudi et al. (2009) estimated that roadside slash could provide about a third of the feedstock required for a potential power plant in Quesnel, B.C.

    “Mahmoudi et al. (2009), for instance, estimated that roadside slash could provide about a third of the feedstock required for a potential power plant in Quesnel, B.C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mahmoudi et al. 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study's assumptions include solid content in roadside piles and trucks, costs of machines, fuel consumption, and machine productivity.

    “These include, for instance, the assumptions of solid content in roadside piles and trucks, the costs of machines, fuel consumption, and machine productivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Industries and thermal power stations are often located close to a community, for obvious reasons; thus, land available for storage and comminution can be limited.

    “Industries and thermal power stations are often located close to a community, for obvious reasons; thus, land available for storage and comminution can be limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Given the constraints of this study, which evaluates systems that are not yet in operation, there are several unavoidable sources of possible variability and even inaccuracy.

    “Given the constraints of this study, which evaluates systems that not yet are in operation, there are several unavoidable sources of possible variability and even inaccuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Bundles represent a compromise between loose and comminuted slash, because they are less bulky than loose slash and allow longer storage than comminuted material.

    “Bundles represent a compromise between loose and comminuted slash, because they are less bulky than loose slash and allow longer storage than comminuted material (Jirjis andNorde ´n 2005, Pettersson andNordfjell 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jirjis and Nordén 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Pettersson and Nordfjell 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cross-continent comparisons are complicated by exchange rate fluctuations.

    “However, besides possible differences in assumptions, cross-continent comparisons are also complicated by exchange rate fluctuations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This study should provide good indications of the relationships between cost and emission levels of each system and the effects of slash amount at landing and transport distance on their competitiveness.

    “Nevertheless, this study should provide good indications of the relationships between cost and emission levels of each system and the effects of slash amount at landing and transport distance on their competitiveness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Replacing fossil fuel-based heating and expanding the district heating system in British Columbia would probably accelerate the use of slash.

    “Hence, replacing fossil fuel-based heating and expanding the district heating system in British Columbia would probably accelerate the use of slash.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: To make recovery of slash meaningful, there has to be an end use for the biomass.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With the experiences from the Nordic countries, it should be possible to reduce greatly the learning phase.

    “However, with the experiences from, for instance, the Nordic countries, it should be possible to reduce greatly the learning phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The hog fuel system delivers a feedstock that cannot be stored for long periods because of deterioration of the biomass, which might be well combined with limited space requirements.

    “The system also delivers a feedstock that cannot be stored for long periods because of deterioration of the biomass (Nurmi 1999), which might be well combined with limited space requirements (i.e., rapid consumption of small stock volumes).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nurmi 1999 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of bundles makes it possible to keep relatively large stocks in limited areas but requires end-user comminution capacity.

    “Consequently, the use of bundles makes it possible to keep relatively large stocks in limited areas but requires end-user comminution capacity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study has only addressed a limited part of a full life-cycle assessment of the systems in terms of energy and CO2 efficiency.

    “The study has only addressed a limited part of a full life-cycle assessment of the systems in terms of energy and CO 2 efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Low stock makes end users vulnerable to supply chain disturbances.

    “On the other hand, low stock makes end users vulnerable to supply chain disturbances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    With the hog fuel system, end users do not need comminuting capacity, which would reduce space requirements.

    “With the hog fuel system, end users do not need comminuting capacity, which would reduce space requirements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All systems have the same proportion of down time.

    “Hence, it is assumed that all systems have the same proportion of down time.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Slash piles are normally burned at the roadside as waste, increasing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

    “To reduce fire hazards, slash piles are normally burned at the roadside as waste, thus increasing CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The solid content in roadside piles and trucks is as assumed in the analysis.

    “These include, for instance, the assumptions of solid content in roadside piles and trucks, the costs of machines, fuel consumption, and machine productivity.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The costs of machines are as assumed in the analysis.

    “These include, for instance, the assumptions of solid content in roadside piles and trucks, the costs of machines, fuel consumption, and machine productivity.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The fuel consumption of machines is as assumed in the analysis.

    “These include, for instance, the assumptions of solid content in roadside piles and trucks, the costs of machines, fuel consumption, and machine productivity.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The machine productivity is as assumed in the analysis.

    “These include, for instance, the assumptions of solid content in roadside piles and trucks, the costs of machines, fuel consumption, and machine productivity.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Electricity used in the analyses is generated in a CO2-neutral manner.

    “Powered by electricity, which was assumed to be generated in a CO 2 -neutral manner.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Chippers are more sensitive to dirty material than crushers.

    “However, chippers are more sensitive to dirty material than crushers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    To make recovery of slash meaningful, there has to be an end use for the biomass.

    “Naturally, to make recovery of slash meaningful, there has to be an end use for the biomass.”
9 of 9

Citations

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. ERIKSSON, P. 2008. A study of crushing logging residues and fuel wood. School for Forest Engineers, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Bachelor thesis 7. (In Swedish with English summary.) 18 p.
  2. HAKKILA, P. AND M. PARIKKA. 2002. Fuel resources from the forest. P. 19 -48 in Bioenergy from sustainable forestry: Guiding principles and practice, Richardsson, J., R. Bjo ¨rheden, P. Hakkila, A. Lowe, and C. Smith (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  3. JIRJIS, R., AND B. NORDE ´N. 2005. Fuel quality and working environment during storage and handling of composite residue logs. Report No 7. Department of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. 40 p. JOHANSSON, J., J.E. LISS, T. GULLBERG, AND R. BJ ÖRHEDEN. 2006. Transport and handling of forest energy bundles-advantages and problem. Biomass Bioenerg. 30(4):334 -341.
  4. MACDONALD, J. 2006. Estimated costs for harvesting, comminuting, and transporting beetle-killed pine in the Quesnel/Nazko area of central British Columbia. Forest Research Institute of Canada, Advantage Report. Vol. 7, No 16. 46 p. MAHMOUDI, M., T. SOWLATI, AND S. SOKHANSANJ. 2009. Logistics of supplying biomass from a mountain pine beetle-infested forest to a power plant in British Columbia. Scand. J. For. Res. 24(1):76 -86.
  5. STAMPFER, K. AND C. KANZIAN. 2006. Current state and development possibilities of wood chip supply chains in Austria. Croat. J. For. Eng. 27(2):135-145.

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Metadata

Authors
Lindroos, O., Nilsson, B., & Sowlati, T.
Affiliations
  • International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
  • University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Western Journal of Applied Forestry
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2011-01-01
Volume
26
Issue
1
Pages
30-36
ISSN
  • 0885-6095 (ISSN-L)
  • 1938-3770
DOI
10.1093/wjaf/26.1.30
OpenAlex
W1700987130
Semantic Scholar
7b93a1b2565c4ef12237cbaaae5169d450a36232
Cited by
10
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
1.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Western Journal of Applied Forestry (publishedVersion)
  • Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)) (acceptedVersion)
  • IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Forest Biomass Utilization and Management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Wood Residue Utilization and Solid Biofuels
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
Keywords
biomass transportation, hog fuel, biomass cost, CO2 emissions, energy balance, transport distance, British Columbia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-23, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-23 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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