Cited by 818Adrenal and Paraganglionic TumorsRenal cell carcinoma treatmentSarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment

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Pathologic Features of Prognostic Significance in Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Weiss, Lawrence M., Medeiros, L. Jeffrey, Vickery, Austin L.·1989·The American Journal of Surgical Pathology

DOI 10.1097/00000478-198903000-00004

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Abstract

There are currently no well-established pathologic prognostic factors helpful in distinguishing low versus high grade adrenocortical carcinomas. The effect of 11 pathologic parameters on survival was investigated in 42 cases of adrenocortical carcinoma. Only one variable, mitotic rate, had a strong statistical association with patient outcome. The 21 patients with carcinomas with greater than 20 mitoses per 50 high power fields (hpf) had a median survival of 14 months, whereas the 21 patients with carcinomas with less than or equal to 20 mitoses had a median survival of 58 months (p less than 0.02). The presence of atypical mitoses, capsular invasion, tumor weight greater than 250 g, and size greater than 10 cm each showed a marginal statistical association with poor survival (p less than 0.06), whereas other features assessed, such as nuclear grade, presence of necrosis or of venous or sinusoidal invasion, character of the tumor cell cytoplasm, or architectural pattern, showed no statistical significance in predicting survival. It is proposed that adrenal cortical carcinomas with greater than 20 mitoses be designated high grade, whereas tumors with less than or equal to 20 mitoses be designated low grade.

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Method
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BackgroundMethodResult
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Background
THE IMPACT OF TUMOR STAGE ON PROGNOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
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Influential
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Background
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Result
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“Adrenal tumors with a Weiss score of between 0 and 2 are considered to be benign, while adrenal tumors with a Weiss score of more than 3 are considered to be malignant [12].”
Background
Adrenal cortical tumors in children: factors associated with poor outcome
Klein, J. D., Turner, C. G. B., Gray, F. L., Yu, D. C., Kozakewich, H. P., Pérez‐Atayde, A. R., Voss, S. D., Zurakowski, D., Shamberger, R. C., & Weldon, C. B. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.052 · Cited by 39
“Prognostic pathologic features of these tumors have been described, but there is no consensus [2,6-9].”
BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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“The present case is also likely to behave in a benign fashion as neither the cortical nor the medullary components of the tumor exhibited histologic features satisfying established criteria for malignancy of either adrenocortical neoplasms [34-36] or pheochromocytomas [37].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Adrenal gland and other paraganglia
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06969-4.00011-8 · Cited by 37
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“The diagnosis of ACC was based on the 11-tiered system of pathologic features proposed by Weiss et al.12,13 Mitotic rate was determined by counting 50 highpowered fields (hpf, 3400) with an Olympus microscope (U-DO model) in the areas of greatest concentrations of mitotic figures.”
MethodResult
Livin/BIRC7 expression as malignancy marker in adrenocortical tumors
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“A Weiss score of 1 is given for each feature that is present and a total score of 62 is indicative of an ACA while a score of 3 or more is suggestive of an ACC (Weiss, 1984; Weiss et al., 1989; Aubert et al., 2002).”
Background
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland: A case report and review of literature
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“From these data, we summarized key pathological features including Weiss score (ACC if Weiss score C3) and markers of cellular proliferation (Ki67 % or mitotic rate) when available [11–13].”
Method
Aldosterone-secreting adrenocortical carcinomas are associated with unique operative risks and outcomes
Kendrick, M. L., Curlee, K. J., Lloyd, R. V., Farley, D. R., Grant, C. S., Thompson, G. B., Rowland, C. M., Young, W. F., & van Heerden, J. A. (2002) · Surgery · doi:10.1067/msy.2002.128476 · Cited by 34
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“Malignancy was determined by application of the Weiss criteria [1] for adrenal cortical neoplasms (Appendix 1).”
BackgroundMethod
Cushing's syndrome
Norton, J. A., Li, M., Gillary, J. M., & Le, H. N. (2001) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1067/msg.2001.114088 · Cited by 36
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“Nine of these have been combined in the Weiss system [79] , which includes three issues related to tumor structure (‘dark’ cytoplasm, diffuse architecture, necrosis), three related to cytological features (atypias, mitotic count, atypical mitotic figures), and three related to invasion (of sinusoids, veins and tumor c…”
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Fine-Needle Aspiration of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
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“This proposal (the Weiss score) was a major advance in adrenal cortical cancer pathology and still represents—in its original proposal [1, 2] or after minor modifications [3]—a milestone in this field.”
Background
Update on Biology and Genomics of Adrenocortical Carcinomas: Rationale for Emerging Therapies
Lerário, A. M., Mohan, D. R., & Hammer, G. D. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac012 · Cited by 36
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The Glucocorticoid Receptor Is Overexpressed in Malignant Adrenocortical Tumors
Tacon, L. J., Soon, P. S. H., Gill, A. J., Chou, A. S. Y., Clarkson, A., Botling, J., Stalberg, P. L. H., Skogseid, B. M., Robinson, B. G., Sidhu, S. B., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0546 · Cited by 33
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GUPTA, D. K. D., Shidham, V. B., Holden, J. A., & Layfield, L. J. (2001) · Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology · doi:10.1097/00129039-200109000-00004 · Cited by 33
“(4), in another study, stated that necrosis, nuclear grade, and vascular invasion were unreliable pathologic parameters for prediction of survival.”
Background
Adrenal incidentaloma: Surgical update
Guerrieri, M., de Sanctis, A., Crosta, F., Arnaldi, G., Boscaro, M., Lezoche, G., & Campagnacci, R. (2007) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347425 · Cited by 33
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Barbosa, A. S., Giacaglia, L. R., Martin, R. M., Mendonca, B. B., & Lin, C. J. (2004) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-4-3 · Cited by 33
“Although high mitotic rate and DNA ploidy index may correlate with poor survival, not a single histopathologic feature has proven to be a reliable predictor of recurrence and metastasis [6-8].”
Ultrastructure of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
Mackay, B., El‐Naggar, A. K., & Ordóǹez, N. G. (1994) · Ultrastructural Pathology · doi:10.3109/01913129409016288 · Cited by 33
Spindle assembly checkpoint gene expression in childhood adrenocortical tumors (ACT): Overexpression of Aurora kinases A and B is associated with a poor prognosis
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“[18].”
Oncocytic Adrenal Cortical Carcinosarcoma With Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcomatous Metastases
Thway, K., Olmos, D., Shah, C. M., Flora, R., SHIPLEY, J. M., & Fisher, C. (2012) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31824517d9 · Cited by 32
“ACC with >20 mitoses/50hpf were associated with worse prognosis and proposed to be designated as high grade.(45) A modified Weiss system eliminating the criteria deemed more subjective or difficult to interpret (2 mitotic rate>5/50hpf, +2 clear cells comprisingr25% of the tumor+abnormal mitoses+necrosis+capsular invas…”
Background
Somatostatin receptor expression in adrenocortical tumors and effect of a new somatostatin analog SOM230 on hormone secretion in vitro and in ex vivo adrenal cells
Mariniello, B., Finco, I., Sartorato, P., Patalano, A., Iacobone, M., Guzzardo, V., Fassina, A., & Mantero, F. (2010) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03346721 · Cited by 32
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 36-2006. A 35-year-old pregnant woman with new hypertension.
Klibanski, A., Stephen, A., Greene, M., Blake, M., & Wu, C.-L. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcpc069027 · Cited by 22
Prognostic Significance of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Expression in Pediatric Adrenocortical Tumors: A St. Jude and Children's Oncology Group Study
Pinto, E. M., Galindo, C. R., Choi, J. K., Pounds, S. B., Liu, Z., Neale, G. A. M., Finkelstein, D., Hicks, J. M., Pappo, A. S., de Figueiredo, B. C., et al. (2016) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2738 · Cited by 35
“classified as carcinomas, as their outcome varies substantially after complete resection (3-5; 10-13).”
Functioning and Nonfunctioning Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Demeure, M. J., & Somberg, L. B. (1998) · Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1055-3207(18)30245-x · Cited by 32
Advances in translational research of the rare cancer type adrenocortical carcinoma
Ghosh, C., Hu, J., & Kebebew, E. (2023) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-023-00623-0 · Cited by 34
“In addition to the original widely used and modified scoring systems of Weiss et al. 40,41 , the latest WHO classification also recognizes the use of other multiparameter diagnostic algorithms ( reticulin algorithm , Lin–Weiss–Bisceglia system and Helsinki scoring system ) to aid in the diagnosis…”
Method
Aldosterone-Secreting Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma. A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Griffin, A. C., Kelz, R. K., & LiVolsi, V. A. (2014) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12022-014-9307-x · Cited by 31
Metabolomic profile of the adrenal gland: from physiology to pathological conditions
Impériale, A., Elbayed, K., Moussallieh, F., Reix, N., Piotto, M., Bellocq, J., Goichot, B., Bachellier, P., & Namer, I. J. (2013) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-13-0232 · Cited by 31
How to Differentiate Benign from Malignant Adrenocortical Tumors?
Viëtor, C. L., Creemers, S. G., van Kemenade, F. J., van Ginhoven, T. M., Hofland, L. J., & Feelders, R. A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13174383 · Cited by 33
“The Weiss score is currently the most widely used scoring system for ACC and represents the gold standard [12,65,67].”
Method
Fluorodesoxyglucose uptake in the remaining adrenal glands during the follow-up of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma: do not consider it as malignancy
Leboulleux, S., Deandreis, D., Escourrou, C., Ghuzlan, A. A., Bidault, F., Auperin, A., Travagli, J. P., Lumbroso, J., Schlumberger, M. J., & Baudin, É. (2010) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0666 · Cited by 31
Topoisomerase 2α and thymidylate synthase expression in adrenocortical cancer
Roca, E., Berruti, A., Sbiera, S., Rapa, I., Oneda, E., Sperone, P., Ronchi, C. L., Ferrari, L., Grisanti, S., Germano, A., et al. (2017) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-17-0095 · Cited by 30
The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders
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Adrenocortical Oncocytoma — A Rare Tumor of Undefined Malignant Potential: Report of a Case
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Adrenocortical oncocytoma displaying intense activity on 18F-FDG-PET: a case report and a literature review
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Methylation Status of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Promoter in Benign and Malignant Adrenal Tumors
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“[16] and the modification proposed by Aubert et al.”
Method
Genomic Imprinting and Cancer
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Expression of SOAT1 in Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Response to Mitotane Monotherapy: An ENSAT Multicenter Study
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“Clinical and pathological data, including sex, age at diagnosis, date of diagnosis, tumor stage according to the ENSAT staging system (23), hormone secretion, Weiss score (21), Ki67 proliferation index, mitotane plasma concentrations after three and six months and response to treatment during follow-up were either pro…”
BackgroundMethod
A Case of Myxoid Adrenocortical Carcinoma With Extensive Lipomatous Metaplasia
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Aktuelle TNM-Klassifikationssysteme für das Nebennierenkarzinom
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Background
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Ohwada, S., Izumi, M., Tanahashi, Y., Kawate, S., 浜田, 邦., Tsutsumi, H., Horiguchi, J., Koibuchi, Y., Takahashi, T., & Yamada, M. (2007) · Surgery Today · doi:10.1007/s00595-006-3404-5 · Cited by 25
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“[7].”
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“Adrenocortical carcinomas were histologically diagnosed based upon the criteria proposed by Weiss (Weiss 1984, Weiss et al. 1989).”
Method
What Is the Optimal Duration of Adjuvant Mitotane Therapy in Adrenocortical Carcinoma? An Unanswered Question
Basile, V., Puglisi, S., Altieri, B., Canu, L., Libé, R., Ceccato, F., Beuschlein, F., Quinkler, M. O., Calabrese, A., Perotti, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11040269 · Cited by 28
“To be included, patients had to meet the following inclusion criteria: age of 18 years or older at the time of diagnosis; histologically confirmed diagnosis of ACC (based on Weiss score [19]; ENSAT stage I-III [20]; R0 or Rx tumor resection, defined on the basis of a surgical report, pathology report, and post-operati…”
Development and internal validation of an adrenal cortical carcinoma prognostic score for predicting the risk of metastasis and local recurrence
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Background
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Background
Pediatric Solid Tumors
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“However, the Weiss histopathological scoring system (Table 1A) does appear to be of some value in predicting malignant behaviour [6–10], although complete surgical resection remains the strongest predictor of survival.”
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Authors: Weiss, L. M., Medeiros, L. J., & Vickery, A. L.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
ORCID: Weiss, Lawrence M.
Medeiros, L. Jeffrey
Venue: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1989-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 202-206
ISSN: 0147-5185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00000478-198903000-00004
OpenAlex: W2023370041
Cited by: 818
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 8.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, mitotic activity, tumor grade, survival, capsular invasion, tumor size, tumor weight, atypical mitoses, venous invasion, nuclear grade, necrosis
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms, Adult, Aged, Carcinoma, Child, Humans, Middle Aged, Mitotic Index, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Prognosis

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Pathologic Features of Prognostic Significance in Adrenocortical Carcinoma

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