Pathology of the adrenal cortex: a reappraisal of the past 25 years focusing on adrenal cortical tumors
Open accessAbstract
A reappraisal of the major advances in the diagnostic pathology of adrenal cortical lesions and tumors in the last 25 years is presented, with special reference to the definition of malignancy in primary adrenal cancer and its variants. Slightly more than 25 years ago, Weiss proposed his diagnostic scoring system for adrenal cortical carcinoma. This represented a milestone for adrenal pathologists and the starting point for further modifications of the system, either through minor changes in the scoring procedure itself or concentrating on some particular Weiss criterion such as mitotic index, integrated into alternative scoring schemes or algorithms that are currently under validation. Improvements in diagnostic immunohistochemistry have led to the identification of markers of cortical origin, such as Melan-A, alpha-inhibin, and SF-1 and of prognostic factors in carcinoma, such as the Ki-67 proliferation index and SF-1 itself. With regard to hyperplastic conditions, genetic investigations have allowed the association of the majority of cases of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) in Carney complex to mutations in the gene encoding the regulatory subunit 1A of protein kinase A (PRKAR1A). Other hereditary conditions are also associated with adrenal cortical tumors, including the Li-Fraumeni, Beckwith-Wiedemann, Gardner, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and neurofibromatosis type 1 syndromes. Moreover, several advances have been made in the knowledge of the molecular background of sporadic tumors, and a number of molecules/genes are of particular interest as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The final diagnosis of ACC is histological and requires the input of an experienced adrenal pathologist.
“Although there are several clinical, endocrinological and radiological features that help risk stratify an adrenal lesion with regard to the likelihood of ACC (see “Etiology and clinical presentation of AI”), the final diagnosis is a histological one and requires the input of an experienced adrenal pathologist (110).”
From Adrenal incidentaloma (2020) · cites this paper as [110]
The most widely used histological scoring system for ACC is the Weiss score, based on 9 histological parameters.
“The most widely used histological scoring system is the Weiss score (Table 4) based on 9 histological parameters (scored as 0 if absent and 1 if present) (110,111).”
From Adrenal incidentaloma (2020) · cites this paper as [110]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Parental imprinting of the mouse insulin-like growth factor II gene
DeChiara, T. M., Robertson, E. J., & Efstratiadis, A. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90513-x · Cited by 1,795 · see citing works
Kirschner, L. S., Carney, J. A., Pack, S. D., Taymans, S. E., Giatzakis, C., Cho, Y. S., Cho-Chung, Y. S., & Stratakis, C. A. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/79238 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Comparative histologic study of 43 metastasizing and nonmetastasizing adrenocortical tumors
Weiss, L. M. (1984) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-198403000-00001 · Cited by 920 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This proposal (the Weiss score) was a major advance in adrenal cortical cancer pathology and still represents—in its original proposal [1, 2] or after minor modifications [3]—a milestone in this field.”
BackgroundIlluminating the silence: understanding the structure and function of small RNAs
Rana, T. M. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2085 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Pathologic features of prognostic significance in adrenocortical carcinoma
Weiss, L. M., Medeiros, L. J., & Vickery, A. L. (1989) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-198903000-00004 · Cited by 818 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This proposal (the Weiss score) was a major advance in adrenal cortical cancer pathology and still represents—in its original proposal [1, 2] or after minor modifications [3]—a milestone in this field.”
BackgroundPrevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas
Barzon, L., Sonino, N., Fallo, F., Palu, G., & Boscaro, M. (2003) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490273 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Tissier, F., Cavard, C., Groussin, L., Perlemoine, K., Fumey, G., Hagneré, A.-M., René-Corail, F., Jullian, E., Gicquel, C., Bertagna, X., et al. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0593 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Metastatic tumours of the adrenal glands: a 30-year experience in a teaching hospital
Lam, K. ‐., & Lo, C. ‐. (2002) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01435.x · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Lynch, H. T., Kimberling, W. J., Albano, W. A., Lynch, J. F., Biscone, K. A., Schuelke, G. S., Sandberg, A. A., Lipkin, M., Deschner, E. E., Mikol, Y. B., et al. (1985) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19850815)56:4 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Molecular classification and prognostication of adrenocortical tumors by transcriptome profiling
Giordano, T. J., Kuick, R., Else, T., Gauger, P. G., Vinco, M., Bauersfeld, J., Sanders, D., Thomas, D. G., Doherty, G., & Hammer, G. (2009) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1067 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Distinct transcriptional profiles of adrenocortical tumors uncovered by DNA microarray analysis
Giordano, T. J., Thomas, D. G., Kuick, R., Lizyness, M., Misek, D. E., Smith, A. L., Sanders, D., Aljundi, R. T., Gauger, P. G., Thompson, N. W., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63846-1 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
de Reyniès, A., Assié, G., Rickman, D. S., Tissier, F., Groussin, L., René-Corail, F., Dousset, B., Bertagna, X., Clauser, E., & Bertherat, J. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2008.18.5678 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Aubert, S., Wacrenier, A., Leroy, X., Devos, P., Carnaille, B. M. L., Proye, C. A. G., Wemeau, J. L., Lecomte-Houcke, M., & Leteurtre, E. (2002) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-200212000-00009 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Dominant Inheritance of the Complex of Myxomas, Spotty Pigmentation, and Endocrine Overactivity
Carney, J. A., HRUSKA, L. S., Beauchamp, G. D., & Gordon, H. (1986) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61843-6 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms in the Pediatric Population
Wieneke, J. A., Thompson, L. D. �., & Heffess, C. S. (2003) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-200307000-00001 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Adrenocortical Oncocytic Tumors: Report of 10 Cases and Review of the Literature
Bisceglia, M., Ludovico, O., Mattia, A. D., Ben‐Dor, D., Sandbank, J., Pasquinelli, G., Lau, S. K., & Weiss, L. M. (2004) · International Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1177/106689690401200304 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Weksberg, R., Shuman, C., & Smith, A. C. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30058 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
miR-195 and miR-483-5p Identified as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Adrenocortical Cancer
Soon, P. S. H., Tacon, L. J., Gill, A. J., Bambach, C. P., Sywak, M. S., Campbell, P. R., Yeh, M. W., Wong, S. G., Clifton-Bligh, R. J., Robinson, B. G., et al. (2009) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1587 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
de Fraipont, F., El Atifi, M., Cherradi, N., Le Moigne, G., Defaye, G., Houlgatte, R., Bertherat, J., Bertagna, X., Plouin, P.-F., Baudin, E., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1075 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer—Lynch Syndromes I and II
Lynch, H. T., Lampa, S. J., Boman, B. M., Smyrk, T., Watson, P. A., Lynch, J. F., Lynch, P. M., Cristofaro, G., Bufo, P., Tauro, A., et al. (1988) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(21)00399-x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
High Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Steroidogenic Factor-1 Expression in Adrenal Tumors
Sbiera, S., Schmull, S., Assié, G., Voelker, H.-U., Kraus, L., Beyer, M., Ragazzon, B., Beuschlein, F., Willenberg, H. S., Hahner, S., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0653 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
BUSAM, K. J., Iversen, K., Coplan, K. A., Old, L. J., Stockert, E., Chen., Y., McGregor, D. K., & Jungbluth, A. A. (1998) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-199801000-00007 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Weiss system for evaluating adrenocortical neoplasms: 25 years later
Lau, S. K., & Weiss, L. M. (2009) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.03.010 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Custódio, G., Parise, G. A., Kiesel Filho, N., Komechen, H., Sabbaga, C. C., Rosati, R., Grisa, L., Parise, I. Z. S., Pianovski, M. A. D., Fiori, C. M. C. M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.46.3711 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Kjellman, M., Kallioniemi, O., Karhu, R., Höög, A., Farnebo, L. ‐., Auer, G., Larsson, C., & Bäckdahl, M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Serum miR-483-5p and miR-195 are predictive of recurrence risk in adrenocortical cancer patients
Chabre, O., Libé, R., Assié, G., Barreau, O., Bertherat, J. Y., BERTAGNA, X. Y., Feige, J., & Cherradi, N. (2013) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-13-0051 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Tömböl, Z., Szabó, P. M., Molnár, V., Wiener, Z., Tölgyesi, G., Horányi, J., Riesz, P., Reismann, P., Patócs, A., Likó, I., et al. (2009) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-09-0096 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Heaton, J. H., Wood, M. A., Kim, A. C., Lima, L. O., Barlaskar, F. M., Almeida, M. Q., Fragoso, M. C. B. V., Kuick, R., Lerario, A. M., Simon, D. P., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.026 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Adrenal involvement in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Langer, P., Cupisti, K., Bartsch, D. K., Nies, C., Goretzki, P. E., Rothmund, M., & Röher, H. D. (2002) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-002-6492-4 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Gaujoux, S., Grabar, S., Fassnacht, M., Ragazzon, B., Launay, P., Libé, R., Chokri, I., Audebourg, A., Royer, B., Sbiera, S., et al. (2011) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2006 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Wong, D., Spagnolo, D. V., Bisceglia, M., Havlat, M. F., McCallum, D., & Platten, M. A. (2011) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2010.08.010 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
MORIMOTO, R., SATOH, F., MURAKAMI, O., SUZUKI, T., ABE, T., TANEMOTO, M., ABE, M., URUNO, A., ISHIDOYA, S., ARAI, Y., et al. (2008) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k07-079 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Volante, M., Bollito, E., Sperone, P., Tavaglione, V., Daffara, F., Porpiglia, F., Terzolo, M., Berruti, A., & Papotti, M. G. (2009) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03423.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Expression profiling of adrenocortical neoplasms suggests a molecular signature of malignancy
Velázquez‐Fernández, D., Laurell, C., Geli, J., Höög, A., Odeberg, J., Kjellman, M., Lundeberg, J., Hamberger, B., Nilsson, P., & Bäckdahl, M. (2005) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.09.031 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Amplification of the Steroidogenic Factor 1 Gene in Childhood Adrenocortical Tumors
de Figueiredo, B. C., Cavalli, L. R., Pianovski, M. A. D., Lalli, E., Sandrini, R., Ribeiro, R. C., Zambetti, G. P., DeLacerda, L., Rodrigues, G. A., & Haddad, B. R. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0942 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Soon, P., Gill, A. J., Benn, D. E., Clarkson, A., Robinson, B. G., McDonald, K. L., & Sidhu, S. B. (2009) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-08-0237 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Bonnet, S., Gaujoux, S., Launay, P., Baudry, C., Chokri, I., Ragazzon, B., Libé, R., René-Corail, F., Audebourg, A., Vacher-Lavenu, M.-C., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1885 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Identification of a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype in Adrenocortical Carcinomas
Barreau, O., Assié, G., Wilmot-Roussel, H., Ragazzon, B., Baudry, C., Perlemoine, K., René-Corail, F., Bertagna, X., Dousset, B., Hamzaoui, N., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2993 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wnt/β-catenin signalling in adrenal physiology and tumour development
Berthon, A., Martinez, A., Bertherat, J., & Val, P. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.009 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Rechache, N. S., Wang, Y., Stevenson, H. S., Killian, J. K., Edelman, D. C., Merino, M. J., Zhang, L., Nilubol, N., Stratakis, C. A., Meltzer, P. S., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3298 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Sangoi, A. R., Fujiwara, M., West, R. B., Montgomery, K. D., Bonventre, J. V., Higgins, J., Rouse, R. V., Gökden, N., & McKenney, J. K. (2011) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e3182152629 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Libè, R., Groussin, L., Tissier, F., Elie, C., René-Corail, F., Fratticci, A., Jullian, E., Beck-Peccoz, P., Bertagna, X., Gicquel, C., et al. (2007) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2085 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Analysis by cDNA microarrays of gene expression patterns of human adrenocortical tumors
Slater, E. P., Diehl, S. M., Langer, P., Samans, B., Ramaswamy, A., Zielke, A., & Bartsch, D. K. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02116 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Adrenocortical Adenoma and Carcinoma: Histopathological and Molecular Comparative Analysis
Stojadinovic, A., Brennan, M. F., Hoos, A., Ömeroğlu, A., Leung, D. H. Y., Dudas, M. E., Nissan, A., Cordon‐Cardo, C., & Ghossein, R. A. (2003) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1097/01.mp.0000081730.72305.81 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
<i>TP53</i>Germline Mutations in Adult Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Herrmann, L. J. M., Heinze, B., Fassnacht, M., Willenberg, H. S., Quinkler, M., Reisch, N., Zink, M., Allolio, B., & Hahner, S. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1982 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Komminoth, P., Roth, J., Schröder, S., Saremaslani, P., & Heitz, P. U. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The Reticulin Algorithm for Adrenocortical Tumor Diagnosis
Duregon, E., Fassina, A., Volante, M., Nesi, G., Santi, R., Gatti, G., Cappellesso, R., Ciaramella, P. D., Ventura, L., Gambacorta, M., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31828d387b · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Association of adrenocortical carcinoma with familial cancer susceptibility syndromes
Else, T. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.008 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
SF-1 overexpression in childhood adrenocortical tumours
Pianovski, M. A. D., Cavalli, L. R., de Figueiredo, B. C., Santos, S. C. L., Doghman, M., Ribeiro, R. C., Oliveira, A. G., Michalkiewicz, E., Rodrigues, G. A., Zambetti, G. P., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gao, Z.-H., Suppola, S., Liu, J., Heikkilä, P., Jänne, J., & Voutilainen, R. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8331 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical assessment of Ki-67 in the differential diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors
Terzolo, M., Boccuzzi, A., Bovio, S., Cappia, S., Giuli, P. D., Alı̀, A., Paccotti, P., Porpiglia, F., Fontana, D., & Angeli, A. (2001) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00852-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Schmitt, A., Saremaslani, P., Schmid, S., Rousson, V, Montani, M., Schmid, D. M., Heitz, P. U., Komminoth, P., & Perren, A. (2006) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02505.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The expression of inhibin/activin subunits in the human adrenal cortex and its tumours
Munro, L., Kennedy, A., & McNicol, A. A. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1610341 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
MEN1Gene Analysis in Sporadic Adrenocortical Neoplasms1
Heppner, C., Reincke, M., Agarwal, S. K., Mora, P., Allolio, B., Burns, A. L., Spiegel, A. M., & Marx, S. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5388 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Duregon, E., Volante, M., Giorcelli, J., Terzolo, M., Lalli, E., & Papotti, M. G. (2012) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.07.025 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Adrenocortical Neoplasms: Role of Prognostic Markers MIB-1, P53, and RB
Vargas, M. P., Vargas, H. I., Kleiner, D. E., & Merino, M. J. (1997) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-199705000-00008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis of benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors
Fonseca, A. L., Kugelberg, J., Starker, L. F., Scholl, U. I., Choi, M., Hellman, P., Åkerström, G., Westin, G., Lifton, R. P., Björklund, P., et al. (2012) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.21978 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fenske, W., Völker, H., Adam, P., Hahner, S., Johanssen, S., Wortmann, S., Schmidt, M., Morcos, M., Müller–Hermelink, H., Allolio, B., et al. (2009) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-08-0211 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Duregon, E., Molinaro, L., Volante, M., Ventura, L., Righi, L., Bolla, S., Terzolo, M., Sapino, A., & Papotti, M. G. (2014) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/modpathol.2013.230 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Papotti, M. G., Volante, M., Duregon, E., Delsedime, L., Terzolo, M., Berruti, A., & Rosaí, J. (2010) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e3181e2b726 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Adrenocortical carcinoma survival rates correlated to genomic copy number variants
Stephan, E. A., Chung, T., Grant, C. S., Kim, S., Hoff, D. D. V., Trent, J. M., & Demeure, M. J. (2008) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0267 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Gaffey, M. J., Traweek, S. T., Mills, S. E., Travis, W. D., Lack, E. E., Medeiros, L. J., & Weiss, L. M. (1992) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/0046-8177(92)90235-u · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Transcriptional profiling enables molecular classification of adrenocortical tumours
Laurell, C., Velázquez‐Fernández, D., Lindsten, K., Juhlin, C. C., Enberg, U., Geli, J., Höög, A., Kjellman, M., Lundeberg, J., Hamberger, B., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0068 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Achatz, M. I., Hainaut, P. L., & Ashton‐Prolla, P. (2009) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70089-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
McCluggage, W. G., Burton, J., Maxwell, P., & Sloan, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.51.2.114 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Oncocytic Adrenocortical Tumors
Duregon, E., Volante, M., Cappia, S., Cuccurullo, A., Bisceglia, M., Wong, D., Spagnolo, D. V., Szpak‐Ulczok, S., Bollito, E., Daffara, F., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31822da401 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Expression of inhibin alpha in adrenocortical tumours reflects the hormonal status of the neoplasm
Arola, J. T., Liu, J., Heikkilä, P., Ilvesmäki, V., Salmenkivi, K., Voutilainen, R., & Kahri, A. (2000) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1650223 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Non-hormonal adrenocortical adenoma with oncocytoma-like appearances.
Kakimoto, S., Yushita, Y., Sanefuji, T., Kondo, A., Fujishima, N., Kishikawa, M., & Matsumoto, K. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
de Krijger, R. R., & Papathomas, T. G. (2011) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/s00428-011-1166-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Immunocytochemistry in adrenocortical tumours: A clinicomorphological study of 72 neoplasms
Schröder, S., Padberg, B.-C., Achilles, E. G., Holl, K., Dralle, H., & Klöppel, G. (1992) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/bf01605986 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Calretinin and Inhibin Are Useful in Separating Adrenocortical Neoplasms From Pheochromocytomas
Jordà, M., Madeiros, B. D., & Nadji, M. (2002) · Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology · doi:10.1097/00129039-200203000-00012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ronchi, C. L., Sbiera, S., Leich, E., Henzel, K., Rosenwald, A., Allolio, B., & Faßnacht, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073959 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ghorab, Z., Jordà, M., Ganjei, P., & Nadji, M. (2003) · Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology · doi:10.1097/00129039-200312000-00009 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A Case Report in Favor of a Multistep Adrenocortical Tumorigenesis
Bernard, M., Sidhu, S. B., Berger, N., Peix, J., Marsh, D. J., Robinson, B. G., Gaston, V., Bouc, Y. L., & Gicquel, C. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021117 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Iino, K., Sasano, H., Yabuki, N., Oki, Y., Kikuchi, A., Yoshimi, T., & Nagura, H. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cellular DNA Profiles of Benign and Malignant Adrenocortical Tumors
Cibas, E. S., Medeiros, L. J., Weinberg, D. S., Gelb, A. B., & Weiss, L. M. (1990) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-199010000-00008 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Weissferdt, A., Phan, A. T., Suster, S. M., & Moran, C. A. (2013) · Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology · doi:10.1097/pai.0b013e31828a96cf · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Expression of cell cycle inhibitor p27 and Ki-67 in human adrenocortical neoplasms.
Nakazumi, H., Sasano, H., Iino, K., Ohashi, Y., & Orikasa, S. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Transcription factor adrenal 4 binding protein as a marker of adrenocortical malignancy
Sasano, H., Shizawa, S., Suzuki, T., Takayama, K., Fukaya, T., Morohashi, K.-I., & Nagura, H. (1995) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90280-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer
Bertherat, J. Y., & BERTAGNA, X. Y. (2009) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2008.10.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tissier, F., Aubert, S., Leteurtre, E., Ghuzlan, A. A., Patey, M., Decaussin‐Petrucci, M., Doucet, L., Gobet, F., Hoang, C., Mazerolles, C., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31825a6308 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Magro, G. G., Esposito, G., Cecchetto, G., Dall’Igna, P., Marcato, R., Gambini, C., Boldrini, R., Collini, P., Donofrio, V., Salfi, N. C. M., et al. (2011) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2011.04.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Letouzé, É., Rosati, R., Komechen, H., Doghman, M., Marisa, L., Flück, C. E., de Krijger, R. R., van Noesel, M. M., Mas, J.-C., Pianovski, M. A. D., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1184 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Proliferation in adrenocortical tumors: Correlation with clinical outcome and p53 status
McNicol, A. M., Struthers, A. J., Nolan, C. E., Hermans, J., & Haak, H. R. (1997) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/bf02739705 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Schulte, K., Mengel, M., Heinze, M., Simon, D., Scheuring, S., Köhrer, K., & Röher, H. D. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.1.6312 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mutation and methylation analysis of TP53 in adrenal carcinogenesis
Sidhu, S., Martin, E. W., Gicquel, C., Melki, J. R., Clark, S. J., Campbell, P., Magarey, C. J., Schulte, K., Röher, H.-D., Delbridge, L., et al. (2005) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2005.01.013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Volante, M., Sperone, P., Bollito, E., Frangipane, E., Rosas, R., Daffara, F., Terzolo, M., Berruti, A., & Papotti, M. G. (2006) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800683 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Histologic Criteria for Adrenocortical Proliferative Lesions
Blanes, A., & Díaz‐Cano, S. J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/mcguq3r4a4wwn3lb · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fischler, D. F., Nuñez, C., Levin, H. S., McMahon, J. T., Sheeler, L. R., & Adelstein, D. J. (1992) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-199206000-00011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
P53 and Ki67 in Adrenocortical Tumors
Arola, J. T., Salmenkivi, K., Liu, J., Kahri, A., & Heikkilä, P. (2000) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435800009048609 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Myxoid adrenal cortical carcinoma: a light and electron microscopic study.
Ck, T., Harriman, B., & Toker, C. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ronchi, C. L., Sbiera, S., Leich, E., Tissier, F., Steinhauer, S., Deutschbein, T., Faßnacht, M., & Allolio, B. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2669 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gene expression profiling in adrenocortical neoplasia
Assié, G., Giordano, T. J., & Bertherat, J. Y. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.044 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in the parotid gland of cigarette smokers and non-smokers
Lewis, P. D., Fradley, S. R., Griffiths, A. P., Baxter, P., & Parry, J. M. (2002) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00066-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Primary adrenocortical sarcomatoid carcinoma: case report and review of literature
Stürm, N., Moulaï, N., Laverrière, M., Chabre, O., Descotes, J., & Brambilla, E. M. (2007) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/s00428-007-0536-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Carcinosarcoma of the Adrenal Cortex Presenting with Mineralocorticoid Excess
Barksdale, S. K., Marincola, F. M., & Jaffe, G. S. (1993) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-199309000-00012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Adrenocortical carcinosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature
Sasaki, K., Desimone, M. E., Rao, H. R., Huang, G. J., & Seethala, R. R. (2010) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/1746-1596-5-51 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dysregulation of microRNAs in adrenocortical tumors
Singh, P., Soon, P. S. H., Feige, J., Chabre, O., Zhao, J., Cherradi, N., Lalli, E., & Sidhu, S. B. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.041 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland: A case report and review of literature
Coli, A., Giorgio, A. D., Castri, F., Destito, C., Marin, A. W., & Bigotti, G. (2009) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2009.02.012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland
Collina, G., Maldarizzi, F., Betts, C. M., & Eusebi, V. (1989) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/bf00784354 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Protein Kinase A Alterations in Endocrine Tumors
Yu, B., Ragazzon, B., Rizk‐Rabin, M., & Bertherat, J. Y. (2012) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1316292 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Decorato, J. W., Gruber, H., Petti, M., & Levowitz, B. S. (1990) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.2930450215 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Expression of inhibin α in the human adrenal gland and adrenocortical tumors
Arola, J. T., Liu, J., Heikkilä, P., Voutilainen, R., & Kahri, A. I. (1998) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435809809032699 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Schröder, S., Mendorf, A., Achilles, E. G., Dietel, M., Padberg, B. C., Beisiegel†, U., Dralle, H., Bressel, M., & Klöppel, G. (1990) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/bf02190525 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Browning, L., Bailey, D. J., & Parker, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.2007.049544 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Oncocytic Adrenal Cortical Carcinosarcoma With Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcomatous Metastases
Thway, K., Olmos, D., Shah, C. M., Flora, R., SHIPLEY, J. M., & Fisher, C. (2012) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31824517d9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adrenal carcinosarcoma--a case report
Lee, M. S., Park, I. A., Chi, J. G., Ham, E. K., Lee, K. C., & Lee, C. W. (1997) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.1997.12.4.374 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Korah, R. M., Healy, J. M., Kunstman, J. W., Fonseca, A. L., Ameri, A. H., Prasad, M. L., & Carling, T. (2013) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/1476-4598-12-87 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Myxoid Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Weissferdt, A., Phan, A. T., Suster, S. M., & Moran, C. A. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/ajcpcdzlc13rsxrz · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Okazumi, S., Asano, T., Ryu, M., Nagashima, T., Odaka, M., Isono, K., & Nishizawa, T. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mixed Corticomedullary Carcinoma of the Adrenal Gland: A Case Report
Turk, A. T., Haider, A. A., Trapasso, J. G., Perilli, G., & LiVolsi, V. A. (2012) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep11222.cr · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mathew, S., Head, D., Rubnitz, J. E., & Raimondi, S. C. (2000) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(200006)28:2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bertolini, F., Rossi, G., Fiocchi, F., Giacometti, M., Fontana, A., Gibertini, M. C., Roncucci, L., Luppi, G., Torricelli, P., Rossi, A., et al. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1177/030089161109700526 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Dedifferentiated” Adrenal Cortical Neoplasm
Trezzi, R., Poli, F., & Fellegara, G. (2009) · International Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1177/1066896909335155 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
CpG Island Methylator Phenotype in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Fact or Fiction?
Liu‐Chittenden, Y., & Kebebew, E. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4063 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wooten (1993) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19931201)72:11
Painter (1985) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19850501)55:9
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 120 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [4]4. Lau SK, Weiss LM (2009) The Weiss system for evaluating adrenocortical neoplasms: 25 years later. Hum Pathol 40 (6):757-768. doi:S0046-8177(09)00083-5 [pii]
- [5]5. Blanes A, Diaz-Cano SJ (2007) Histologic criteria for adrenocortical proliferative lesions: value of mitotic figure variability. Am J Clin Pathol 127 (3):398-408. doi:F7G613581L18603Q [pii]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Adrenal Cortical Tumors
Mete, Ö., Erickson, L. A., Juhlin, C. C., de Krijger, R. R., Sasano, H., Volante, M., & Papotti, M. G. (2022) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09710-8 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Sherlock, M., Scarsbrook, A., Abbas, A., Fraser, S., Limumpornpetch, P., Dineen, R., & Stewart, P. M. (2020) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa008 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Although there are several clinical, endocrinological and radiological features that help risk stratify an adrenal lesion with regard to the likelihood of ACC (see “Etiology and clinical presentation of AI”), the final diagnosis is a histological one and requires the input of an experienced adrenal pathologist (110).”
BackgroundMethodJuhlin, C. C., Bertherat, J. Y., Giordano, T. J., Hammer, G. D., Sasano, H., & Mete, Ö. (2021) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12022-021-09667-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Future directions in the diagnosis and medical treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma
Creemers, S. G., Hofland, L. J., Korpershoek, E., Franssen, G. J. H., van Kemenade, F. J., de Herder, W. W., & Feelders, R. A. (2015) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-15-0452 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of adrenocortical cancer
Mihai, R. (2015) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.9743 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: a lesson from 300 consultation cases
Duregon, E., Volante, M., Bollito, E., Goia, M., Buttigliero, C., Zaggia, B., Berruti, A., Scagliotti, G. V., & Papotti, M. G. (2015) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.08.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Das, S., Sengupta, M., Islam, N., Roy, P., Datta, C., Mishra, P. K., Banerjee, S., Chaudhuri, M. K., & Chatterjee, U. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.07.014 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chatterjee, G., Dasgupta, S., Mukherjee, G., Sengupta, M., Roy, P., Arun, I., Datta, C., Mishra, P. K., Banerjee, S., & Chatterjee, U. (2015) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-015-3708-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Why does the gut synthesize glucocorticoids
Kostadinova, F., Schwaderer, J., Sebeo, V., & Brunner, T. (2014) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.932920 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Phan, L. M., Fuentes‐Mattei, E., Wu, W., Velázquez-Torres, G., Sircar, K., Wood, C. G., Hai, T., Jiménez, C., Cote, G. J., Ozsari, L., et al. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3707 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Clinicopathological correlates of adrenal Cushing's syndrome
Duan, K., Hernandez, K., & Mete, Ö. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202612 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Calissendorff, J., Calissendorff, F. S., & Falhammar, H. (2016) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0095-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Heritable forms of primary hyperparathyroidism: a current perspective
DeLellis, R. A., & Mangray, S. (2017) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/his.13306 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vatrano, S., Volante, M., Duregon, E., Giorcelli, J., Izzo, S., Rapa, I., Votta, A., Germano, A., Scagliotti, G. V., Berruti, A., et al. (2018) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/s41379-018-0042-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Methylation of IGF2 regulatory regions to diagnose adrenocortical carcinomas
Creemers, S. G., van Koetsveld, P. M., van Kemenade, F. J., Papathomas, T. G., Franssen, G. J. H., Dogan, F., Eekhoff, E. M. W., van der Valk, P., de Herder, W. W., Janssen, J. A. M. J. L., et al. (2016) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-16-0266 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Aporowicz, M., Czopnik, P., Kubicka, E., Piotrowska, A., Dzięgiel, P., Bolanowski, M., & Domosławski, P. (2019) · Anticancer Research · doi:10.21873/anticanres.13224 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors by reticulin algorithm
Fonseca, D., Murthy, S., Tagore, K., Rao, V. B., Thamminedi, S., Raju, K. V. V. N., Sharma, R. M., & Challa, S. (2017) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_573_16 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Histopathologic Features of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
Gambella, A., Volante, M., & Papotti, M. G. (2022) · Advances in Anatomic Pathology · doi:10.1097/pap.0000000000000363 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Republished: Clinicopathological correlates of adrenal Cushing's syndrome
Duan, K., Hernandez, K., & Mete, Ö. (2015) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-202612rep · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wong, C.-L., Fok, C.-K., Chan, Y., Tam, V. H.-K., & Fung, L. M. (2022) · Case Reports in Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2022/7395050 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Diagnostic and prognostic utility of SF-1 in adrenal cortical tumours
Maity, P., Mondal, A., Das, R., Sengupta, M., Gargari, P., Kar, A., Sarkar, D., Mukhopadhyay, S., Chowdhury, S., & Chatterjee, U. (2022) · Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology · doi:10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_153_21 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neues aus der Tumorpathologie der Nebenniere
Saeger, W. (2015) · Der Pathologe · doi:10.1007/s00292-015-0020-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Syndromes associated with abnormalities in the adrenal cortex
Chen, C., & Hunt, J. L. (2017) · Diagnostic histopathology · doi:10.1016/j.mpdhp.2017.06.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adrenal cortical neoplasia: from histology to molecular biology
Pakbaz, S., & Mete, Ö. (2019) · Diagnostic histopathology · doi:10.1016/j.mpdhp.2019.02.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Pathology of Adrenal Masses
Zhang, R., & Lloyd, R. V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44136-8_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Annual review issue: An overview of 50 years of progress in endocrine pathology
Lloyd, R. V., & McNicoll, A. (2017) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/his.13289 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Surgery for Adrenocortical Cancer: Evidence-Based Recommendations
Mihai, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1124-5_29 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mete, Ö. (2015) · Turkish Journal of Pathology · doi:10.5146/tjpath.2015.01310 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kletskaya, I. S., Рогожин, Д. В., Коновалов, Д. М., Эктова, А. П., & Kushnir, B. L. (2018) · Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology · doi:10.24287/1726-1708-2018-17-3-111-119
Genitourinary Pathology (Including Adrenal Gland)
Rao, P., Perrino, C. M., Zynger, D. L., Jordà, M., Tamboli, P., Sanchez, D. F., Cubilla, A. L., Iczkowski, K. A., Zhang, M., & Sircar, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96681-6_16
Assessment of Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms for the GU Pathologist
Whaley, R. D., Gupta, S., & Erickson, L. A. (2026) · Advances in Anatomic Pathology · doi:10.1097/pap.0000000000000526
- Authors
- Papotti, M., Duregon, E., Volante, M., & McNicol, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga (IT)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Volante, Marco
- Venue
- Endocrine Pathology
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-48
- ISSN
- 1046-3976 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-0097
- OpenAlex
- W2094125338
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Endocrine Pathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IG/10795/2010)
- Università degli Studi di Torino (IG/10795/2010)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
- Keywords
- adrenocortical tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, mitotic index, immunohistochemical markers, SF-1, Ki-67 proliferation index, primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, Carney complex, PRKAR1A mutation, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Gardner syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, neurofibromatosis type 1, prognostic factors, adrenal hyperplasia
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms, Humans, Adrenocortical Adenoma, Adrenocortical Carcinoma, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
