The Near-Death Experience Scale: Construction, Reliability, and Validity
Abstract
Near-death experiences (NDEs) have been described consistently since antiquity and more rigorously in recent years. Investigation into their mechanisms and effects has been impeded by the lack of quantitative measures of the NDE and its components. From an initial pool of 80 manifestations characteristic of NDEs, a 33-item scaled-response preliminary questionnaire was developed, which was completed by knowledgeable subjects describing their 74 NDEs. Items with significant item-total score correlations that could be grouped into clinically meaningful clusters constituted the final 16-item NDE Scale. The scale was found to have high internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability; was highly correlated with Ring's Weighted Core Experience Index; and differentiated those who unequivocally claimed to have had NDEs from those with qualified or questionable claims. This reliable, valid, and easily administered scale is clinically useful in differentiating NDEs from organic brain syndromes and nonspecific stress responses, and can standardize further research into mechanisms and effects of NDEs.
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The NDE has good psychometric properties.
“The NDE (Greyson, 1983) also has good psychometric properties (Greyson, 1983).”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Greyson, 1983
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- Authors
- GREYSON, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- GREYSON, BRUCE
- ORCID
- GREYSON, BRUCE
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1983-06
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 369-375
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077803993
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- near-death experiences, scale development, questionnaire validation, organic mental disorders, stress response, psychometric reliability, psychometric validity
- MeSH terms
- Death, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychology, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Neurocognitive Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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