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The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees
Abstract
There are no valid and reliable cross-cultural instruments capable of measuring torture, trauma, and trauma-related symptoms associated with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Generating such standardized instruments for patients from non-Western cultures involves particular methodological challenges. This study describes the development and validation of three Indochinese versions of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), a simple and reliable screening instrument that is well received by refugee patients and bicultural staff. It identifies for the first time trauma symptoms related to the Indochinese refugee experience that are associated with PTSD criteria. The HTQ's cultural sensitivity may make it useful for assessing other highly traumatized non-Western populations.
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In the citing paper
“Functional impairment was based on the degree of difficulty in performing important tasks of daily living that were identified on the basis of qualitative data from the study villages, with the use of methods described elsewhere.16,26”
From Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a validated cross-cultural screening instrument designed to assess torture, trauma exposure, and trauma-related symptoms in refugees.”
From Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture (2022) · cites this paper as Mollica et al., 1992
In the citing paper
“The HTQ has been reported to have high test-retest reliability ( α = .89) internal consistency ( α = .90; Mollica et al., 1992)”
From Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture (2022) · cites this paper as Mollica et al., 1992
In the citing paper
“The primary outcome measure was self-reported PTSD symptoms assessed using part IV of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), which has been developed primarily for trauma-affected refugees and validated in several languages and settings [26, 27].”
From Treatment of trauma-affected refugees with venlafaxine versus sertraline combined with psychotherapy - a randomised study (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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Items 1,001–1,005 of 1,005
Meffert, S., Marmar, C., & Metzler, T. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e517292011-807 · Cited by 7
The Role of Attachment in Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: A Structured Literature Review
Kaur, S., & Békés, V. (2025) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2574315 · Cited by 3
Lange, A. B., Mortensen, E. L., Palic, S., Sonne, C. K., & Carlsson, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100586 · Cited by 3
Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture
Pannu, P., Burt, K., & Fondacaro, K. (2022) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v32i3.128843 · Cited by 4
“Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992): The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a validated cross-cultural screening instrument designed to assess torture, trauma exposure, and trauma-related symptoms in refugees.”
BackgroundMethodBarhoma, M., Carlsson, J., & Sonne, C. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2024.2324357 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- MOLLICA, R. F., CASPI-YAVIN, Y., BOLLINI, P., TRUONG, T., TOR, S., & LAVELLE, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- MOLLICA, RICHARD F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1992-02
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-116
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4292855834
- Cited by
- 1,489
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder, torture, trauma symptoms, Indochinese refugees, cross-cultural assessment, screening tool, cultural sensitivity, instrument validation, refugee mental health
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