Cited by 1,489Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees

MOLLICA, RICHARD F., CASPI-YAVIN, YAEL, BOLLINI, PAOLA, TRUONG, TOAN, TOR, SVANG, LAVELLE, JAMES·1992·The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

DOI 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008

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Abstract

There are no valid and reliable cross-cultural instruments capable of measuring torture, trauma, and trauma-related symptoms associated with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Generating such standardized instruments for patients from non-Western cultures involves particular methodological challenges. This study describes the development and validation of three Indochinese versions of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), a simple and reliable screening instrument that is well received by refugee patients and bicultural staff. It identifies for the first time trauma symptoms related to the Indochinese refugee experience that are associated with PTSD criteria. The HTQ's cultural sensitivity may make it useful for assessing other highly traumatized non-Western populations.

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“Trauma Harvard trauma questionnaire (HTQ) [30] x 35”
Background
Traumatic episodes and mental health effects in young men and women in Rwanda, 17 years after the genocide
Rugema, L., Mogren, I., Ntaganira, J., & Krantz, G. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006778 · Cited by 62
“31 The authors state that with careful adaptation to a cultural setting, the scale can be used to assess trauma in low and high income settings.(32) 33 Of the 34 items included and directly related to trauma experience, 16 were chosen as appropriate for this study.”
Method
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Method
Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Profiles in Traumatized Refugees
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Method
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Method
The relationship between moral injury appraisals, trauma exposure, and mental health in refugees
Hoffman, J., Liddell, B. J., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22787 · Cited by 65
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Background
A network meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for refugees and asylum seekers with PTSD
Turrini, G., Tedeschi, F., Cuijpers, P. J., Giovane, C. D., Kip, A., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Nosè, M., Ostuzzi, G., Purgato, M., Ricciardi, C., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005029 · Cited by 70
Personality and Trauma: Adult Attachment and Posttraumatic Distress Among Former Political Prisoners.
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“Mollica et al. (1992) have shown sufficient criterion validity of HTQ in differentiating between PTSD patients and nonpatients.”
Background
Morbidity of asylum seekers in a medium-sized German city
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“The HTQ diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder in 18.2 % (n = 39; 95 % CI 13.1–22.4”
MethodInfluential
A longitudinal investigation of changes to social resources associated with psychological distress among kurdish torture survivors living in Northern Iraq.
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Dehnel, R., Dalky, H. F., Sudarsan, S., & Al‐Delaimy, W. K. (2021) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01180-0 · Cited by 74
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Method
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“Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic symptomatology of the participants have been assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [22].”
MethodInfluential
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Method
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“These questions are listed in Table 2, and are in line with the sort of questions posed in other studies on war trauma and refugees [20, 21, 26].”
Result
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“(12), the present study had good estimates of reliability for each of the subscales CLASS ANALYSIS OF ADOLESCENT ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS”
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Self-citation
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“The primary outcome measure was self-reported PTSD symptoms assessed using part IV of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), which has been developed primarily for trauma-affected refugees and validated in several languages and settings [26, 27].”
Method
Mindfulness-Based Trauma Recovery for Refugees (MBTR-R): Randomized Waitlist-Control Evidence of Efficacy and Safety
Aizik-Reebs, A., Yuval, K., Hadash, Y., Gebremariam, S. G., & Bernstein, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621998641 · Cited by 57
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) was used to measure traumatic stress exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.”
Method
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“The HTQ provides graded responses to symptom questions as well as a diagnostic score and a total numeric score [ 12 ].”
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Method
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Background
Late Mental Health Changes in Tortured Refugees in Multidisciplinary Treatment
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Method
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“0001 for trauma symptoms (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodResultInfluential
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MethodInfluential
Meta-analytic Gaussian Network Aggregation
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Method
Acute Stress Disorder in Victims of Robbery and Victims of Assault
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“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire–Part 4 (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) is a simple and reliable screening instrument for identifying posttraumatic reactions.”
Method
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“Traumatic events were measured using an adjusted checklist for war-related events that is based on the first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Method
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“The HTQ has been used widely in developing country settings (Mollica et al, 1992).”
Method
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Method
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Method
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“The HSCL-25′s psychometric qualities and transcultural validity have been well established among different cultural groups [26,27].”
Background
THE TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGE IN SYMPTOMS OF PROLONGED GRIEF AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS FOLLOWING OLD AGE SPOUSAL BEREAVEMENT
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“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) PTS subscale[32] was used to estimate the occurrence of PTS.”
Method
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Hall, B. J., Bolton, P. A., Annan, J. R., Kaysen, D. L., Robinette, K., Cetinoglu, T., Wachter, K., & Bass, J. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301981 · Cited by 55
Secondary Victims of Rape
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“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ part IV; Mollica et al., 1992) consists of 31 items, 16 of which are used to calculate a total score indicating PTSD severity, as well as three subscale scores corresponding to the three core criteria of the DSM-IV diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association,…”
MethodInfluential
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Badri, A. B., Crutzen, R., & van den Borne, H. W. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-603 · Cited by 52
“A widely used assessment instrument, it contains characteristics of cross-cultural adaptability which reflects context specific descriptions of war-related traumatic events of the community in which it is administered [12,13].”
BackgroundMethod
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Demott, M. A. M., Jakobsen, M., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Heir, T. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12395 · Cited by 58
“The HTQ has been validated for use with refugee populations in several studies (Mollica et al., 1992; Silove et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
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Bruhn, M., Rees, S. J., Mohsin, M., Silove, D. M., & Carlsson, J. M. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000774 · Cited by 49
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“HTQ Part 1 is a checklist, inquiring about a variety of trauma events to screen trauma exposure (Mollica et al. 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
Persistent Psychopathology in the Wake of Civil War: Long-Term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Nimba County, Liberia
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“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire includes items consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition(24) and has been used widely in developing country settings.(25,26) Respondents were deemed to have symptoms consistent with PTSD according to instrument standards and precedent in…”
Method
Music therapy was noninferior to verbal standard treatment of traumatized refugees in mental health care: Results from a randomized clinical trial
Beck, B. D., Meyer, S., Simonsen, E. H., Søgaard, U., Petersen, I., Arnfred, S., Tellier, T. C., & Moe, T. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1930960 · Cited by 52
“A cut-off value of 2.5 for the PTSD diagnosis indicated clinical change and was used to indicate remission (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodInfluential
The Subjective Experience of Trauma and Subsequent PTSD in a Sample of Undocumented Immigrants
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“Although several studies have used a cutoff score of 2.5 to identify “clinically significant” PTSD (Mollica et al., 1992), the authors have also developed a scoring algorithm to adapt this measure to DSM-IV criteria (Mollica et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Strategies and methods to study female-specific cardiovascular health and disease: a guide for clinical scientists
Ouyang, P., WENGER, N. K., Taylor, D. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Steiner, M. S., Shaw, L. J., Berga, S. L., Miller, V. M., & Merz, C. N. B. (2016) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0073-y · Cited by 54
“A more specific instrument the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [144] measures torture, trauma, as well as PTSD.”
Method
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“PTSD symptoms at T1 and T3 PTSD symptoms were assessed at T1 and T3 by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Method
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Sabri, B., Njie-Carr, V. P. S., Messing, J. T., Glass, N. E., Brockie, T., Hanson, G. C., Case, J., & Campbell, J. C. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.11.013 · Cited by 52
“Questionnaire[45] (16 items) is used to measure symptoms of PTSD derived from the DSMIIR/DSM-IV criteria for PTSD.”
Method
Parental styles in second generation effects of genocide stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia
Field, N. P., Om, C., Kim, T., & Vorn, S. (2011) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2011.609015 · Cited by 61
“The Cambodian version of the HTQ (Mollica, Caspi-Yavin, & Bollini, 1992 ) was used to assess trauma exposure during the KR regime.”
Method
Expert opinions about the ICD-10 category of enduring personality change after catastrophic experience
Beltran, R. O., & Silove, D. (1999) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90147-5 · Cited by 50
Long-Term Effects of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Compared with Non-Sexual War Trauma in Female World War II Survivors: A Matched Pairs Study
Kuwert, P., Glaesmer, H., Eichhorn, S., Grundke, E., Pietrzak, R. H., Freyberger, H. J., & Klauer, T. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0272-8 · Cited by 57
“To differentiate experienced war trauma in greater detail, the initial checklist was enhanced with additional trauma items from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Rates and Correlates of Seeking Mental Health Services Among Cambodian Refugees
Marshall, G. N., Berthold, S. M., Schell, T. L., Elliott, M. N., Chun, C., & Hambarsoomians, K. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.086736 · Cited by 50
The impact of enhancing perceived self-efficacy in torture survivors
Morina, N., Bryant, R. A., Doolan, E. L., Martin-Söelch, C., Plichta, M. M., Pfaltz, M. C., Schnyder, U., Schick, M., & Nickerson, A. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22684 · Cited by 50
“Trauma exposure was measured by combining the trauma event lists of two standardized questionnaires, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS; Foa et al., 2016).”
Method
The association between COVID-19 related stressors and mental health in refugees living in Australia
Liddell, B. J., O'Donnell, M. L., Bryant, R. A., Murphy, S., Byrow, Y., Mau, V., McMahon, T., Benson, G., & Nickerson, A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1947564 · Cited by 53
“Pre-migration PTE exposure (drawn from original RAS survey) was measured via the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; (Mollica et al., 1992)), which indexes exposure to 16 potentially traumatic event types (experienced, witnessed) commonly reported by refugees (e.g. deprivation, forced separation,…”
Method
Patterns of Symptomatology and Patterns of Torture and Trauma Experiences in Resettled Refugees
Cunningham, M., & Cunningham, J. D. (1997) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679709065078 · Cited by 49
Global Evidence for a Biopsychosocial Understanding of Refugee Adaptation
Porter, M. (2007) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461507081639 · Cited by 50
Efficacy of the Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) for Unhealthy Alcohol Use Among Adults with HIV in Zambia: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Kane, J. C., Sharma, A., Murray, L. K., Chander, G., Kanguya, T., Skavenski, S., Chitambi, C., Lasater, M. E., Paul, R., Cropsey, K., et al. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03408-4 · Cited by 49
Quality of life among immigrants in Swedish immigration detention centres: a cross-sectional questionnaire study
Puthoopparambil, S. J., Bjerneld, M., & Källestål, C. (2015) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v8.28321 · Cited by 47
“Another plausible explanation could be that the duration of detention has a direct impact on mental health, and the WHOQOL-BREF might be less sensitive to these effects compared with instruments such as the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (38) or the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (39), which are specifically designed to i…”
Method
The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy to Treat Symptoms Following Trauma in Timor Leste
Schubert, S. J., Lee, C. W., de Araujo, G., Butler, S. R., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22084 · Cited by 49
“Item responses are the same as the HTQ Part 3.”
MethodInfluential
Measures for evaluating sex trafficking aftercare and support services: A systematic review and resource compilation
Graham, L. M., Macy, R. J., Eckhardt, A., Rizo, C. F., & Jordan, B. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.04.001 · Cited by 49
Post-migration Stressors and Subjective Well-Being in Adult Syrian Refugees Resettled in Sweden: A Gender Perspective
Nissen, A., Sengoelge, M., & Solberg, Ø. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.717353 · Cited by 51
The Impact of Detention on the Health of Asylum Seekers
Filges, T., Montgomery, E., & Kastrup, M. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516630384 · Cited by 49
“The remaining two studies both used the HTQ, probably the Indo-Chinese version as they all refer to Mollica et al. (1992), which describes the development and validation of an IndoChinese version of the HTQ that originally included 17 items describing a range of traumatic experiences.”
Method
Prospective risk and protective factors for psychopathology and wellbeing in civilian emergency services personnel: a systematic review
Kyron, M. J., Rees, C. S., Lawrence, D., Carleton, R. N., & McEvoy, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.021 · Cited by 50
Screening in special populations: A “case study” of recent vietnamese immigrants
Nelson, K. R., Bui, H. N., & Samet, J. H. (1997) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)89443-0 · Cited by 48
Comparing the validity of the self reporting questionnaire and the Afghan symptom checklist: Dysphoria, aggression, and gender in transcultural assessment of mental health
Rasmussen, A., Ventevogel, P., Sancilio, A., Eggerman, M., & Panter-Brick, C. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-206 · Cited by 48
“Measures of trauma and socioeconomic status Lifetime trauma exposures were measured using a checklist (20 yes/no items) adapted from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [35] previously implemented with adults in Afghanistan [37].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Problem Management Plus (PM+) for common mental disorders in a humanitarian setting in Pakistan; study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT)
Sijbrandij, M., Farooq, S., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K., Hamdani, S. U., Chiumento, A., Minhas, F., Saeed, K., Rahman, A., & van Ommeren, M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0602-y · Cited by 48
Posttraumatic world assumptions among treatment-seeking refugees
ter Heide, F. J. J., Sleijpen, M., & van der Aa, N. (2017) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461517741811 · Cited by 48
“Measures included the World Assumptions Scale (WAS) and the Events and DSM-IV PTSD subscales of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ).”
MethodInfluential
Specific Trauma Subtypes Improve the Predictive Validity of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire in Iraqi Refugees
Arnetz, B. B., Broadbridge, C. L., Jamil, H. J., Lumley, M. A., Pole, N., Barkho, E., Fakhouri, M., Talia, Y. R., & Arnetz, J. E. (2014) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-014-9995-9 · Cited by 47
“Such research, however, typically relies on a cumulative index measure, indexed by a summation of all potentially traumatic events that an individual has endorsed [11, 12] on measures such as the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; [13]).”
Trauma, mental health, and intergenerational associations in Kosovar Families 11 years after the war
Schick, M., Morina, N., Klaghofer, R., Schnyder, U., & Müller, J. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21060 · Cited by 50
“…of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and which in this study was extended by additional traumatic event items from the first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992), resulting in a total of 23 items rated as whether experienced, witnessed, or not experienced/witnessed.”
BackgroundMethod
Seven-Year Follow-Up Study of Symptoms in Asylum Seekers and Refugees With PTSD Treated With Trauma-Focused Groups
Drožđek, B., Kamperman, A. M., Tol, W. A., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22035 · Cited by 51
“HTQ has been administered to inquire about a variety of trauma events experienced as well as PTSD symptoms.”
MethodInfluential
Development and Preliminary Validation of Refugee Trauma History Checklist (RTHC)—A Brief Checklist for Survey Studies
Sigvardsdotter, E., Nilsson, H., Malm, A., Tinghög, P., Gottvall, M., Vaez, M., & Saboonchi, F. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101175 · Cited by 45
“Among the trauma checklists used with refugees in non-clinical samples, only three—the Comprehensive Trauma Inventory (CTI) [9], the Communal Traumatic Events Inventory (CTEI) [10] and the HTQ part 1 [7]—are developed specifically for adult refugee groups.”
Method
From social adversity to sympathy for violent radicalization: the role of depression, religiosity and social support
Rousseau, C., Hassan, G., Miconi, D., Lecompte, V., Mekki‐Berrada, A., El-Hage, H., & Oulhote, Y. (2019) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-019-0372-y · Cited by 47
The relationship between post‐traumatic symptoms and life in exile in a clinical group of refugees from the former Yugoslavia
Kivling-Bodén, G., & Sundbom, E. (2002) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02247.x · Cited by 48
“At baseline, a professional translator translated the HTQ into Serbo-Croatian.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological adjustment one year after the diagnosis of breast cancer: A prototype study of delayed post‐traumatic stress disorder
Elklit, A., & Blum, A. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466510x527676 · Cited by 48
“Additionally, the questionnaire included the following standardized measures: The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) was used to estimate current symptoms of PTSD.”
Method
Psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities of persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury
Ashina, H., Al‐Khazali, H. M., Iljazi, A., Ashina, S., Amin, F. M., Lipton, R. B., & Schytz, H. W. (2021) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-021-01287-7 · Cited by 47
“Harvard trauma questionnaire The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) is a 16-item instrument used to screen for PTSD [17].”
Method
Afghan Refugee Explanatory Models of Depression: Exploring Core Cultural Beliefs and Gender Variations
Alemi, Q., Weller, S. C., Montgomery, S., & James, S. (2016) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1111/maq.12296 · Cited by 48
“Mollica, Richard F., Yael Caspi-Yavin, Paola Bollini, Toan Truong, Svang Tor, and James Lavelle 1992 The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating A Cross-Cultural Instrument For Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees.”
Method
A randomized controlled trial of brief Somatic Experiencing for chronic low back pain and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
Andersen, T. E., Lahav, Y., Ellegaard, H., & Manniche, C. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1331108 · Cited by 52
“PTSD has previously been reported as having an 88% concordance with interview-based estimates of PTSD (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundResult
Trauma exposure and the mediating role of posttraumatic stress on somatic symptoms in civilian war victims
Morina, N., Schnyder, U., Klaghofer, R., Müller, J., & Martin-Söelch, C. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1680-4 · Cited by 48
“Exposure to various types of potentially traumatic events was assessed using a measure derived from combining the trauma event list of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [23], and the first part of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS; [26]), resulting in a total of 23 items.”
Method
PTSD and gender: could gender differences in war trauma types, symptom clusters and risk factors predict gender differences in PTSD prevalence?
Farhood, L., Fares, S. A., & Hamady, C. (2018) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0849-7 · Cited by 48
Household Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Cambodia
Dubois, V., Tonglet, R., Hoyois, P., Sunbaunat, K., Roussaux, J.-P., & Hauff, E. (2004) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764004043125 · Cited by 49
“The second part of the HTQ includes 30 items.”
MethodInfluential
Development of an inventory for measuring war-related events in refugees
Hollifield, M. A., Eckert, V., Warner, T. D., JENKINS, J. H., Krakow, B. J., Ruiz, J., & Westermeyer, J. J. (2004) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.003 · Cited by 48
“Consistent with the current standard in the field, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [2], each CTI-164 could be answered by checking any and all boxes that related to the way that event was or was not experienced: (1) did not happen, (2) experienced, (3) witnesses, or (4) heard about.”
Three Key Issues for Young Refugees’ Mental Health
Hodes, M. (2002) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/136346150203900206 · Cited by 47
“(1997) administered the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) to Vietnamese adult refugees in the USA, most of whom had spent 7–8 years in re-education camps and all of whom had experienced torture.”
Method
Generational Differences in Psychosocial Adaptation and Predictors of Psychological Distress in a Population of Recent Vietnamese Immigrants
Shapiro, J. F., Douglas, K. C., de la Rocha, O., Radecki, S. E., Vu, C., & Dinh, T. (1999) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1023/a:1018702323648 · Cited by 47
Attachment organization in Arabic-speaking refugees with post traumatic stress disorder
Riber, K. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1124442 · Cited by 48
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) is a self-administered mental health questionnaire consisting of 16 items (Part IV) assessing PTSD symptom”
MethodInfluential

Authors: MOLLICA, R. F., CASPI-YAVIN, Y., BOLLINI, P., TRUONG, T., TOR, S., & LAVELLE, J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (US)
ORCID: MOLLICA, RICHARD F.
Venue: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1992-02
Volume: 180
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-116
ISSN: 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008
OpenAlex: W4292855834
Cited by: 1,489
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 6.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder, torture, trauma symptoms, Indochinese refugees, cross-cultural assessment, screening tool, cultural sensitivity, instrument validation, refugee mental health

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The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees

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