The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees
Abstract
There are no valid and reliable cross-cultural instruments capable of measuring torture, trauma, and trauma-related symptoms associated with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Generating such standardized instruments for patients from non-Western cultures involves particular methodological challenges. This study describes the development and validation of three Indochinese versions of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), a simple and reliable screening instrument that is well received by refugee patients and bicultural staff. It identifies for the first time trauma symptoms related to the Indochinese refugee experience that are associated with PTSD criteria. The HTQ's cultural sensitivity may make it useful for assessing other highly traumatized non-Western populations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Functional impairment was based on the degree of difficulty in performing important tasks of daily living that were identified on the basis of qualitative data from the study villages, with the use of methods described elsewhere.16,26”
From Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a validated cross-cultural screening instrument designed to assess torture, trauma exposure, and trauma-related symptoms in refugees.”
From Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture (2022) · cites this paper as Mollica et al., 1992
In the citing paper
“The HTQ has been reported to have high test-retest reliability ( α = .89) internal consistency ( α = .90; Mollica et al., 1992)”
From Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture (2022) · cites this paper as Mollica et al., 1992
In the citing paper
“The primary outcome measure was self-reported PTSD symptoms assessed using part IV of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), which has been developed primarily for trauma-affected refugees and validated in several languages and settings [26, 27].”
From Treatment of trauma-affected refugees with venlafaxine versus sertraline combined with psychotherapy - a randomised study (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,005
The Psychophysiology of Orthostatic Panic in Cambodian Refugees Attending a Psychiatric Clinic
Hinton, D. E., So, V., Pollack, M. H., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007451.85942.42 · Cited by 37
Nielsen, M. S. (2003) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.48.4.289 · Cited by 35
Psychopathologie und Aufenthaltsstatus
Heeren, M., Wittmann, L., Ehlert, U., Schnyder, U., Maier, T., & Müller, J. (2016) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s00451-016-0235-x · Cited by 36
“Dreiundzwanzig Items erfragten traumatische Ereignisse vor und während der Migration (aus dem Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, HTQ, Mollica et al. 1992, und der Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, PDS, Foa et al. 1995, beide in der Forschung zu Flucht weit verbreitete Instrumente).”
BackgroundNissen, A., Hynek, K. A., Scales, D. A., Hilden, P. K., & Straiton, M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04200-x · Cited by 38
Andersen, T. E., Elklit, A., & Vase, L. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5633 · Cited by 34
“To measure the severity of PTSD symptomotology we used The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire part IV (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodTurnip, S. S., & Hauff, E. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0255-3 · Cited by 38
“Current transcultural research methodology emphasizes the importance of cultural validation of outcome instruments [ 20 , 36].”
Dispositional and situational coping and mental health among Palestinian political ex-prisoners
Punamäki, R., Salo, J., Komproe, I. H., Qouta, S., El‐Masri, M., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2008) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701797333 · Cited by 35
Dowling, A., Enticott, J., & Russell, G. M. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2771-5 · Cited by 35
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire was the most commonly modified tool, and is in accordance with the authors’ recommendation that the tool be modified and adapted to the characteristics of each cultural group [40].”
MethodPaintain, E., & Cassidy, S. (2018) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12174 · Cited by 25
“Using a CBT versus delayed treatment design, Hinton et al. (2004) reported a fall from 3.3 to 1.8 on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) —which assesses the presence of PTSD–in the treatment group compared to a fall from 3.1 to 2.0 in the delayed treatment group.”
MethodInfluentialStructural Validity of the World Assumption Scale
van Bruggen, V., ten Klooster, P. M., van der Aa, N., Smith, A. J. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Glas, G. G. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22348 · Cited by 35
“Most patients at Foundation Centrum ’45 had been diagnosed with PTSD and/or depressive disorder.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNaseh, M., Macgowan, M. J., Wagner, E. F., Abtahi, Z., Potocky, M., & Stuart, P. H. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1080/15313204.2019.1570891 · Cited by 41
“HTQ, a self-report questionnaire designed especially for assessment of PTSD among refugees (Mollica et al., 1992), was the most commonly used assessment tool among the reviewed studies.”
MethodAskovic, M., Watters, A. J., Coello, M., Aroche, J., Harris, A. W. F., & Kropotov, J. D. (2019) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059419849170 · Cited by 35
“PTSD symptoms were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ).(31) Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist–25 (HSCL-25).”
BackgroundMethodProlonged grief in refugees, parenting behaviour and children’s mental health
Bryant, R. A., Edwards, B., Creamer, M. C., O'Donnell, M. L., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D. M., Steel, Z., McFARLANE, A. C., Hooff, M. V., et al. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420967420 · Cited by 36
“The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder – 8 (PTSD-8) (Hansen et al., 2010) is an 8-item self-report screening measure for probable PTSD that is derived from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodQouta, S., Vänskä, M., Diab, S. Y., & Punamäki, R. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101532 · Cited by 37
Knefel, M., Kantor, V., Weindl, D., Schieß-Jokanovic, J., Nicholson, A. A., Verginer, L., Schäfer, I., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2068911 · Cited by 35
“were measured through an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire Checklist (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodBack and Neck Pain and Psychopathology in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa
El‐Sayed, A. M., Hadley, C., Tessema, F., Tegegn, A., Cowan, J. A., & Galea, S. (2010) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181b4926e · Cited by 35
“The HTQ has been used widely in developing countries, although it has not been validated in our study locality.(31,34) The HSQL and the HTQ are not diagnostic tools; we rely on these cut-offs because they are used widely in other research studies and therefore facilitate comparisons.”
MethodEvaluation of the Linköping Youth Life Experience Scale
Nilsson, D. K., Gustafsson, P. E., Larsson, J. L., & Svedin, C. G. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181f4acb6 · Cited by 38
“Another example is the Harvard— Uppsala Trauma Questionnaire for Children (Ahmad, 1999), developed from the Harvard Trauma questionnaire for adults (Mollica et al., 1992), a scale that covers various kinds of potentially traumatic events, the proximity to the trauma, and that also has several questions about war exper…”
MethodVictimization and PTSD in A Rural Kenyan Youth Sample
Karsberg, S., & Elklit, A. (2012) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901208010091 · Cited by 35
A Systematic Review of Interventions for Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD in Adult Offenders
Leigh-Hunt, N., & Perry, A. (2014) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x13519241 · Cited by 39
“PTSD severity assessed 1 month after the intervention using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) was equally reduced in both treatment and control groups.”
MethodNeuropsychological Issues in the Assessment of Refugees and Victims of Mass Violence
Weinstein, C. S., Fucetola, R. P., & Mollica, R. F. (2001) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1016650623996 · Cited by 35
Self-citationNissen, A., Cauley, P., Saboonchi, F., Andersen, A. J., & Solberg, Ø. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1994218 · Cited by 38
“5, established in a population of Indochinese refugees (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPosttraumatic stress in intensive care unit survivors – a prospective study
Ratzer, M., Brink, O., Knudsen, L., & Elklit, A. (2014) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2014.943760 · Cited by 34
“Mollica et al. (1992) found the original scale reliable and valid.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSeponski, D. M., Lahar, C. J., Khann, S., Kao, S., & Schunert, T. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1466039 · Cited by 39
“These are the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1987, 1992) which assesses for probable post-traumatic stress disorder, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 (HSCL-25; Mollica, 2004) which provides scores for probable anxiety and depression.”
MethodStrauß, K., Dapp, U., Anders, J., von Renteln‐Kruse, W., & Schmidt, S. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.009 · Cited by 35
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in a Danish population of elderly bereaved
Elklit, A., & O’Connor, M. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00475.x · Cited by 34
“Mollica et al. (1992) found the scale reliable and valid.”
BackgroundAmawi, N., Mollica, R. F., Lavelle, J., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000174 · Cited by 34
“The authors (R. F. M., J. L.) have fully addressed this issue in the translation and validation of instruments such as the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAraya, M., Chotai, J., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0223-1 · Cited by 34
“‘‘Traumatic childhood life events’’ were evaluated by the total number of affirmative responses (ranging from 0 to 16) among 16 questions derived from Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, Section I [20, 23], and were posed regarding the life period before 12 years of age.”
MethodStigma Among Survivors of Sexual Violence in Congo: Scale Development and Psychometrics
Murray, S. M., Robinette, K., Bolton, P. A., Cetinoglu, T., Murray, L. K., Annan, J. R., & Bass, J. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515608805 · Cited by 35
“The Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL-25; Hesbacher, Rickels, Morris, Newman, & Rosenfeld, 1980; Winokur, Winokur, Rickels, & Cox, 1984) was adapted to measure combined depression and anxiety and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) for traumatic stress based on results of the qualitative study.”
BackgroundInfluentialAndersen, T. E., Andersen, P. G., Vakkala, M. A., & Elklit, A. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.10.001 · Cited by 33
Nilsson, H., Gustavsson, C., Gottvall, M., & Saboonchi, F. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03461-2 · Cited by 36
Kurt, G., Ventevogel, P., Ekhtiari, M., İlkkurşun, Z., Erşahin, M., Akbiyik, N., & Acartürk, C. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.573 · Cited by 34
Nickerson, A., Hoffman, J., Keegan, D., Kashyap, S., Argadianti, R., Tricesaria, D., Pestalozzi, Z., Nandyatama, R., Khakbaz, M., Nilasari, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102672 · Cited by 33
Nickerson, A., Garber, B., Ahmed, O. M. A., Asnaani, A., Cheung, J., Hofmann, S. G., Huynh, L., Liddell, B. J., Litz, B. T., Pajak, R., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.048 · Cited by 33
Tol, W. A., Greene, M. C., Likindikoki, S. L., Misinzo, L., Ventevogel, P., Bonz, A. G., Bass, J., & Mbwambo, J. K. K. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1338-7 · Cited by 37
“Psychological distress will be measured using the 25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25; [29]) and Part 4 of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; [39]).”
MethodTreatment of sleep disturbances in refugees suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder
Sandahl, H., Vindbjerg, E., & Carlsson, J. M. (2017) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461517746314 · Cited by 39
“As a standardized assessment routine at CTP, patients are administered a number of psychometric questionnaires, including the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992); the Hopkin’s Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25); Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales; the SCL-90 somatization section; visual analogue s…”
MethodInfluentialWachter, K., Murray, S. M., Hall, B. J., Annan, J. R., Bolton, P. A., & Bass, J. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1460662 · Cited by 34
“They used the 15-item subscale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) to assess depression, the 10-item HSCL-25 anxiety subscale to measure anxiety (Winokur, Winokur, Rickels, & Cox, 1984) and the 16-item Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ-Trauma) to assess PTSD (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodBarbieri, A., Visco‐Comandini, F., Fegatelli, D. A., Dessì, A., Cannella, G., Stellacci, A., & Pirchio, S. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020959095 · Cited by 35
“This scale represented the compilation of trauma event lists from two standardised questionnaires, namely the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) (Foa, 1996; Foa et al., 1997).”
MethodKhan, S. T., & Haque, S. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01962-1 · Cited by 36
“PTSD-8 It is an 8-item scale based on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ-IV) [37], which is compatible with DSM-IV [38].”
MethodVries, J. D., & Heck, G. L. V. (1994) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.1994.11449287 · Cited by 30
Health status of returnees to Kosovo: Do living conditions during asylum make a difference?
Toscani, L., DeRoo, L. A., Eytan, A., Gex‐Fabry, M., Avramovski, V., Loutan, L., & BOVIER, P. A. (2006) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.06.017 · Cited by 33
Peer, M., Soares, C. N., Levitan, R. D., Streiner, D. L., & Steiner, M. S. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305801007 · Cited by 31
“Education level (≤high school) 27 (43) 3 (23) 0.”
Tay, A. K., Mohsin, M., Rees, S., Tam, N., Kareth, M., & Silove, D. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.05.001 · Cited by 33
Attentional Bias Dynamics and Posttraumatic Stress in Survivors of Violent Conflict and Atrocities
Yuval, K., Zvielli, A., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616649349 · Cited by 32
“The HTQ (Mollica et al., 1992) is the most common self-report measure of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in diverse populations including FDPs and asylum seekers.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialValidation of mental health screening instruments in the Kashmir Valley, India
Housen, T., Lenglet, A., Ariti, C. A., Ara, S., Shah, S., Dar, M. M., Hussain, A., Paul, A., Wagay, Z. A., Viney, K. A., et al. (2018) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461518764487 · Cited by 34
“For the HTQ-16, a cut point of 2.5 has been the standard for studies conducted in Vietnam, Cambodia, Tibet, and Japan (Mollica et al., 1992; Mollica, McDonald, Massagli, & Silove, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrupp, F., Moro, M. R., Nater, U. M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00628 · Cited by 32
“First, experienced traumatic events (23 items) were assessed using the list of the PDS extended by traumatic events from the Harvard trauma questionnaire (58) frequently experienced by asylum seekers.”
MethodVromans, L., Schweitzer, R., Brough, M., Asic-Kobe, M., Correa‐Velez, I., Farrell, L., Murray, K. E., Lenette, C., & Sagar, V. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520965110 · Cited by 36
“The HTQ symptom scale had demonstrated good internal consistency previously (Mollica et al., 1992) as well as in the current study (Cronbach’s alpha¼ .86).”
Correa‐Velez, I., Green, A., Murray, K. E., Schweitzer, R., Vromans, L., Lenette, C., & Brough, M. (2020) · Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies · doi:10.1080/15562948.2020.1734893 · Cited by 32
“Number of trauma types were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodThe Relationship of Acculturation, Traumatic Events and Depression in Female Refugees
Starck, A., Gutermann, J., Schouler‐Ocak, M., Jesuthasan, J., Bongard, S., & Stangier, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00906 · Cited by 33
Psychopathology and well‐being in civilian survivors of war seeking treatment: a follow‐up study
Nexhmedin Morina, B., Rushiti, F., Salihu, M., & Ford, J. D. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.673 · Cited by 31
Dossa, N. I., & Hatem, M. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/181847 · Cited by 33
Trauma, khat and common psychotic symptoms among Somali immigrants: A quantitative study
Bhui, K. S., & Warfa, N. (2010) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.027 · Cited by 32
Victimization and PTSD in a Faroese youth total-population sample
Petersen, T., Elklit, A., & Gytz, J. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00728.x · Cited by 32
Chiumento, A., Hamdani, S. U., Khan, M. N., Dawson, K. S., Bryant, R. A., Sijbrandij, M., Nazir, H., Akhtar, P. S., Masood, A., Wang, D., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1905-8 · Cited by 31
“describing traumatic events [52], validated in Pakistan [53].”
BackgroundPocock, N. S., Tadee, R., Tharawan, K., Rongrongmuang, W., Dickson, B., Suos, S., Kiss, L., & Zimmerman, C. (2018) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-018-0361-x · Cited by 35
“Zimmerman C, Hossain M, Yun K, Roche B, Morison L, Watts C. Stolen smiles: a summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe.”
InfluentialThe relation between change in reports of traumatic events and symptoms of psychiatric distress
Wyshak, G. (1994) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(94)90009-4 · Cited by 31
Predictors of treatment outcomes for trauma-affected refugees - results from two randomised trials
Sonne, C., Mortensen, E. L., Silove, D., Palic, S., & Carlsson, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.095 · Cited by 31
Structural brain correlates of resilience to traumatic stress in Dutch police officers
van der Werff, S. J. A., Elzinga, B. M., Smit, A. S., & van der Wee, N. J. A. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.019 · Cited by 35
Machisa, M., Chirwa, E. D., Mahlangu, P., Nunze, N., Sikweyiya, Y. M., Dartnall, E., Pillay, M., & Jewkes, R. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137913 · Cited by 32
“PTSD symptoms Score, 60+ cut-off, binary Thirty items of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [38,41].”
MethodInfluentialKuwert, P., Klauer, T., Eichhorn, S., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e08685 · Cited by 31
“To differentiate experienced war trauma in more detail, the initial checklist was enhanced with questions of the Harvard Trauma Questionaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodWillie, T. C., Kershaw, T., & Callands, T. A. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1466983 · Cited by 31
“access to food in her lifetime, was assessed using an item from the validated and commonly used Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992): “Do you get hungry and have no food to eat or water to drink?” “Yes” was”
MethodTrajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms after whiplash: A prospective cohort study
Ravn, S. L., Karstoft, K., Sterling, M. M., & Andersen, T. E. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1325 · Cited by 32
“The original study found the scale to be reliable and valid (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialToxic Environment of war: Maternal prenatal heavy metal load predicts infant emotional development
Vänskä, M., Diab, S. Y., Perko, K., Quota, S. R., Al-Barqouni, N., Myöhänen, A., Punamäki, R., & Manduca, P. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.01.002 · Cited by 32
O’Connor, M., Lasgaard, M., Larsen, L. H., Johannsen, M., Lundorff, M., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & Boelen, P. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.056 · Cited by 30
Böge, K., Karnouk, C., Hahn, E. W., Demir, Z., & Bajbouj, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00239 · Cited by 31
“Assessments include the PHQ-9, GAD-7, HTQ, MSPSS, and PSS. Primary analyses consist of non- or parametric tests and multiple linear regression analyses.”
BackgroundInfluentialGillespie, S., Cardeli, E., Sideridis, G. D., Issa, O. M., & Ellis, B. H. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102419 · Cited by 31
The Relationship Among Trauma, Acculturation, and Mental Health Symptoms in Somali Refugees
Jorgenson, K. C., & Nilsson, J. E. (2021) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000020968548 · Cited by 33
“In studies explicitly measuring traumatic events, as captured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992), Somali refugees”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoran, J. K., Jesuthasan, J., Schalinski, I., Kurmeyer, C., Oertelt‐Prigione, S., Abels, I., Stangier, U., Starck, A., Gutermann, J., Zier, U., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24511 · Cited by 33
Appraisal of psychosocial interventions in Liberia
Lekskes, J., van Hooren, S., & de Beus, J. (2007) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0b013e3280be5b47 · Cited by 31
“Using an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Kleijn & Mook, 1999, Mollica, 1992) traumatic experiences and post traumatic symptomology of the respondents were assessed.”
MethodPsychological Sequelae in Parents of Extreme Low and Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Elklit, A., Hartvig, T., & Christiansen, M. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-007-9077-4 · Cited by 31
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Part IV (HTQ) (Mollica et al. 1992) consists of 30 items of which 16 correspond to the three core symptoms of PTSD in DSM IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994); re-experiencing (4 items), avoidance (7 items), and arousal (5 items), and was used to measure the intensity of these s…”
MethodInfluentialNexhmedin Morina, B., Stangier, U., & Risch, A. K. (2008) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.25.1.15 · Cited by 30
“Traumatic events were measured using an adapted checklist for war-related events based on the first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodFrom Trauma to Survival and Adaptation:
Silove, D. M. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-22693-1_2 · Cited by 31
Symptoms of Distress and Posttraumatic Stress among South African Former Political Detainees
Kagee, A. (2005) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557850500071244 · Cited by 30
López-Peña, P., Davis, C. A., Mobarak, A. M., & Raihan, S. (2020) · doi:10.2471/blt.20.265173 · Cited by 31
“org/en/situations/myanmar_refugees on May 4 2020 [8] Mollica RF, Caspi‐Yavin Y, Bollini P, et al.”
Böcker, A. G. M., & Hunter, A. (2022) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/feac023 · Cited by 30
Human rights trauma and the mental health of West Papuan refugees resettled in Australia
Rees, S. J., Silove, D. M., Tay, K., & Kareth, M. (2013) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja12.11651 · Cited by 30
Whitsett, D., & Sherman, M. F. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017727022 · Cited by 33
“In order to measure PTSD symptoms, Part IV of the HTQ (Mollica et al., 1992) was administered in different languages.”
MethodFletcher, S., Elklit, A., Shevlin, M. E., & Armour, C. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517741212 · Cited by 30
“Part IV of the HTQ has been validated in Denmark (Bach, 2003) and has been found to have good reliability and criterion validity (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrupp, F., Moro, M. R., Nater, U. M., Skandrani, S., & Mewes, R. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1684225 · Cited by 31
“…specified potentially traumatizing events was extended by 12 traumatic events frequently experienced by asylum seekers from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (e.g. ‘brainwash’, ‘kidnapped or taken as a hostage’, and ‘lacked shelter’; Mollica et al., 1992) to determine experienced traumatic events.”
BackgroundA Rasch-based validity study of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire
Vindbjerg, E., Carlsson, J. M., Mortensen, E. L., Makransky, G., & Nielsen, T. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.071 · Cited by 29
Alemu, S. M., Herklots, T., Almansa, J., Mbarouk, S. S., Sulkers, E., Stekelenburg, J., de Zeeuw, J., Jacod, B. C., & Biesma, R. G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239034 · Cited by 30
Rodríguez, N., Buxó, C. J., Morou-Bermúdez, E., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Ocasio‐Quiñones, I. T., Surillo‐González, M. B., & Martínez, K. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22195 · Cited by 30
Resilience among gay/bisexual young men in Western Kenya
Harper, G. W., Wade, R. M., Onyango, D. P., Abuor, P. A., Bauermeister, J. A., Odero, W., & Bailey, R. C. (2015) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000905 · Cited by 30
“Trauma symptoms were measured using the 16-item Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [40].”
MethodPTSD in Court III: Malingering, assessment, and the law
Young, G. C. (2017) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.03.001 · Cited by 31
PTSD and Impaired Eye Expression Recognition: A Preliminary Study
Schmidt, J. Z., & Zachariae, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020802537096 · Cited by 30
“In the present study, only the first 16 DSM-IV-related items were used, and discriminant analysis of these 16 items has previously shown a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 73% (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNöthling, J., Gibbs, A., Washington, L., Gigaba, S. G., Willan, S., Abrahams, N., & Jewkes, R. K. (2023) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-023-01384-3 · Cited by 32
Mollica, R. F., Chernoff, M. C., Berthold, S. M., Lavelle, J., Lyoo, I. K., & Renshaw, P. F. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.014 · Cited by 29
“Both instruments have been widely translated and used in a number of studies among diverse cultural groups [30–34] and validated against clinical diagnoses [27,35,36,29,37].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBuchmüller, T., Lembcke, H., Busch, J., Kumsta, R., Wolf, O. T., & Leyendecker, B. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1737008 · Cited by 28
“Symptoms of PTSD were assessed according to DSM-IV criteria using the 16 item PTSD-scale of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodTaha, P. H., & Sijbrandij, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189779 · Cited by 39
Semb, O., Strömsten, L. M. J., Sundbom, E., Fransson, P., & Henningsson, M. (2011) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.09.15.16.pr0.109.4.3-23 · Cited by 29
From War to Classroom: PTSD and Depression in Formerly Abducted Youth in Uganda
Winkler, N., Ruf‐Leuschner, M., Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schalinski, I., Ovuga, E., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00002 · Cited by 29
“The translation followed recommended guidelines (39), and involved forward and backward translation, and a detailed review by the study team.”
MethodTay, A. K., Rees, S. J., Chen, J., Kareth, M., Mohsin, M., & Silove, D. M. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-015-0018-6 · Cited by 29
“Desk and team‑based development of preliminary modules of TEs, stressors, ADAPT index, and mental disorders/ reactions Our preliminary list of TEs and ongoing stressors were based on the general literature, our own prior research in the region and provisional “blueprint” lists derived from existing measures such as th…”
MethodInfluentialvan Ee, E., Jongmans, M. J., van der Aa, N., & Kleber, R. J. (2016) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12228 · Cited by 30
“5 on this scale has been used in several studies to identify clinically significant PTSD (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Nakash, O., Nagar, M., Shoshani, A., & Lurie, I. (2017) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2017.1299190 · Cited by 29
“The first part of the HTQ-1 assesses the prevalence of exposure to traumatic events.”
BackgroundJakobsen, M., Demott, M. A. M., & Heir, T. (2017) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461517722868 · Cited by 31
“…widely used self-screening instruments, the Hopkins Symptoms Check List (HSCL-25; Mollica et al., 1996) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ, Part IV; Mollica et al., 1992), compared with psychiatric diagnoses on the basis of structured clinical interviews administered by trained clinicians.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Rebirth of Contextual Thinking in Psychotraumatology
Drožđek, B. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-69797-0_1 · Cited by 30
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Vietnamese Refugees With PTSD and Comorbid Panic Attacks
Hinton, D. E., Safren, S. A., Pollack, M. H., & Tran, M. (2006) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.008 · Cited by 29
McBride, O., Hyland, P., Murphy, J., & Elklit, A. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22381 · Cited by 30
“The 30-item Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Part III (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) was used to assess the occurrence of trauma-related symptoms, which respondents rate on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = not at all to 4 = mostly); in the current study, only 20 items were used to assess the occurrence of…”
MethodResultInfluentialKurt, G., Acar, İ. H., İlkkurşun, Z., Yurtbakan, T., Acar, B., Uygun, E., & Acartürk, C. (2021) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.02.001 · Cited by 27
Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., & Schell, T. L. (2007) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-007-9082-6 · Cited by 28
“Items were drawn from the 17-item Cambodian Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [12].”
MethodEytan, A., Guthmiller, A., Durieux‐Paillard, S., Loutan, L., & Gex‐Fabry, M. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0269-0 · Cited by 29
“The HTQ, composed of four sections, is a reliable screening instrument originally developed for measuring torture, trauma, and PTSD symptoms in culturally different populations [34].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- MOLLICA, R. F., CASPI-YAVIN, Y., BOLLINI, P., TRUONG, T., TOR, S., & LAVELLE, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- MOLLICA, RICHARD F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1992-02
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-116
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4292855834
- Cited by
- 1,489
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder, torture, trauma symptoms, Indochinese refugees, cross-cultural assessment, screening tool, cultural sensitivity, instrument validation, refugee mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
