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The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees
Abstract
There are no valid and reliable cross-cultural instruments capable of measuring torture, trauma, and trauma-related symptoms associated with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Generating such standardized instruments for patients from non-Western cultures involves particular methodological challenges. This study describes the development and validation of three Indochinese versions of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), a simple and reliable screening instrument that is well received by refugee patients and bicultural staff. It identifies for the first time trauma symptoms related to the Indochinese refugee experience that are associated with PTSD criteria. The HTQ's cultural sensitivity may make it useful for assessing other highly traumatized non-Western populations.
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“Functional impairment was based on the degree of difficulty in performing important tasks of daily living that were identified on the basis of qualitative data from the study villages, with the use of methods described elsewhere.16,26”
From Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a validated cross-cultural screening instrument designed to assess torture, trauma exposure, and trauma-related symptoms in refugees.”
From Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture (2022) · cites this paper as Mollica et al., 1992
In the citing paper
“The HTQ has been reported to have high test-retest reliability ( α = .89) internal consistency ( α = .90; Mollica et al., 1992)”
From Identifying resilience-promoting factors for refugee survivors of torture (2022) · cites this paper as Mollica et al., 1992
In the citing paper
“The primary outcome measure was self-reported PTSD symptoms assessed using part IV of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), which has been developed primarily for trauma-affected refugees and validated in several languages and settings [26, 27].”
From Treatment of trauma-affected refugees with venlafaxine versus sertraline combined with psychotherapy - a randomised study (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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Detainment and health: The case of the Lebanese hostages of war
Farhood, L., Chaaya, M., & Saab, B. R. (2010) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2009.00653.x · Cited by 16
“The HTQ-12 has been used in war-exposed areas, such as Kosovo (Lopes Cardozo et al. 2000).”
MethodStammel, N., Abbing, E. M., Heeke, C., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27070 · Cited by 16
“Traumatic events were assessed using an adjusted checklist based on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) and the PDS (Foa et al.”
MethodLanguage Barriers and the Role of Interpreters: A Challenge in the Work with Migrants and Refugees
Kletečka-Pulker, M., Parrag, S., Drožđek, B., et al. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72914-5_14 · Cited by 16
van Heemstra, H. E., Scholte, W. F., Ehring, T. W., & Boelen, P. A. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00066-7 · Cited by 16
Chung, M. C., AlQarni, N., AlMazrouei, M., Muhairi, S. A., Shakra, M., Mitchell, B., Mazrouei, S. A., & Hashimi, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1755023 · Cited by 16
Mond, J., Slewa‐Younan, S., Guajardo, M. G. U., Mohammad, Y., Johnson, E. G., & Milosevic, D. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520901635 · Cited by 16
“5 on the 16 items of Part IV is taken to indicate a high probability of clinically significant PTSD symptomatology (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRasmussen, A., Crager, M., Keatley, E. S., Keller, A. S., & Rosenfeld, B. D. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000061 · Cited by 16
Han, M., Valencia, M., Lee, Y. S., & Leon, J. D. (2012) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2012.700494 · Cited by 16
“The HTQ-PTSD was used since it was developed specifically to measure the severity of Culturally Competent Program with Cambodians 223 PTSD symptoms within the Southeast Asian refugee population, including Cambodians (Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDong, Y. T., & Church, A. T. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.370 · Cited by 16
Group Mental Health Interventions in Civilian Populations in War-Conflict Areas
Farhood, L., Richa, H., & Massalkhi, H. (2014) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659613515717 · Cited by 16
“Inclusion criteria were defined by cutoff scores of 2.5 and above on the HTQ (Mollica et al., 1992) and/or scores 9 and above on the BDI (Beck, Steer, & Carbin, 1988).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Stabilization Group Approach for Heterogeneous Populations of Trauma Clients
Stige, S. H. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.627583 · Cited by 16
“The Post Traumatic Symptom Scale 16 (PTSS–16; Mollica, Caspi Yavin, Bollini, & Truong, 1992 ) and Impact of Event Scale (IES; Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979 ) are used to assess symptoms of PTSD.”
MethodPsychotic-like experiences in a conflict-affected population: a cross-sectional study in South Sudan
Ayazi, T., Swartz, L. M., Eide, A. H., Lien, L., & Hauff, E. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1243-2 · Cited by 17
Resource loss, resource gain, PTSD , and dissociation among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel
Finkelstein, M. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12295 · Cited by 16
Vromans, L., Schweitzer, R., Brough, M., Correa‐Velez, I., Murray, K. E., & Lenette, C. (2017) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2017.1296302 · Cited by 16
Hall, J., & Kahn, D. T. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619876631 · Cited by 18
“The version of the HTQ used in the study contained a checklist of 16 traumatic life events, determined to be relevant for Syrian refugees.”
MethodInfluentialAcademic achievement among adolescents in Cambodia: does caregiver trauma matter?
Eng, S., MULSOW, M. H., Cleveland, H. H., & Hart, S. (2009) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20329 · Cited by 16
Munjiza, J., Britvic, D., & Crawford, M. J. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1975-5 · Cited by 15
Silove, D. M., Tay, A. K., Steel, Z., Tam, N., Soares, Z., Soares, C., dos Reis, N., Alves, A., & Rees, S. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002233 · Cited by 15
“%) and specificity (87.5%), a score of 2.2 was adopted as the cut-off for PTSD on the HTQ (correct classification 83%), and for the K10, the international cut-off 530 (sensitivity 92.3%; specificity 66%; correct classification 71%), noting that the inclusion of symptoms of anxiety and somatic complaints in the K10 mos…”
MethodInfluentialBerhe, S. M., Azale, T., Fanta, T., Demeke, W., & Minyihun, A. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s337255 · Cited by 17
“The exposure to traumatic events was assessed using a slightly adapted version by Mollica et al of the original Harvard trauma questionnaire (HTQ).(35,42) This consisted of 16 questions on lifetime exposure to traumatic events with a ‘yes/no ‘response.”
Eiset, A. H., & Frydenberg, M. (2022) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s354733 · Cited by 15
Rostami, R., Wells, R., Solaimani, J., Berle, D., Hadži-Pavlović, D., Silove, D. M., Nickerson, A., O'Donnell, M. L., Bryant, R. A., McFARLANE, A. C., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100548 · Cited by 18
Andisha, P., Shahab, M. J., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2158428 · Cited by 18
“The concurrent validity was measured by DSM-IV PTSD as assessed by the HTQ.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKurt, G., Ekhtiari, M., Ventevogel, P., Erşahin, M., İlkkurşun, Z., Akbiyik, N., & Acartürk, C. (2023) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579602300063x · Cited by 18
Andisha, P., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2262929 · Cited by 20
“The trauma events section of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) and the Post-migration Living Difficulty Checklist (Steel et al., 1999) are widely used screening measures in refugee population studies.”
MethodCameron, L., McCauley, M., van den Broek, N. R., & McCauley, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292107 · Cited by 29
“With this evidence in mind, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) and the Antares Foundation have developed guidelines outlining key actions for organisations to address the psychological needs of the humanitarian aid workers they employ [54, 55].”
BackgroundDas, M., Dubus, N., & Silka, L. (2013) · Humanity & Society · doi:10.1177/0160597613510705 · Cited by 15
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a frequently used measure that has been repeatedly shown to be reliable and valid (Mollica et al. 1992).”
MethodMüller, M. J., Zink, S., & Koch, E. (2016) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-016-9461-z · Cited by 14
“The HTC contains 16 items with stressors like ‘‘shortage of food’’, ‘‘torture’’, and ‘‘being raped’’ and has been used in different settings and cultures [29–33].”
BackgroundInfluentialSileo, K. M., Kershaw, T., & Callands, T. A. (2019) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1607523 · Cited by 16
“Exposure to traumatic events was measured with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodInfluentialAragona, M., Castaldo, M., Tumiati, M. C., Schillirò, C., Secco, A. D., Agrò, F., Forese, A., Tosi, M., Baglìo, G., & Mirisola, C. (2019) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764019888960 · Cited by 15
Mayer, Y., Ilan, R., Slone, M., et al. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105244 · Cited by 15
When Syria Was in Egypt’s Land Egyptians Cooperate With Syrians, but Less With Each Other
Hassan, M., Mansour, S., Voigt, S., & Gadallah, M. (2018) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-019-00727-y · Cited by 20
The Use of Art Therapy in Alleviating Mental Health Symptoms in Refugees: A Literature Review
Zadeh, R., & Jogia, J. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.022491 · Cited by 24
Risk Factors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After an Earthquake Disaster
Anwar, J., Mpofu, E., Matthews, L. R., & Brock, K. E. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000060 · Cited by 17
“Although the HTQ is the only instrument whose validity and reliability to accurately detect PTSD have been tested in many cultures and languages including Urdu (Halepota and Wasif, 2001; Kleijn et al., 2001; Kun et al., 2009a, 2009b; Mollica et al., 1992), it was not practicable to establish a cutoff point against a c…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilliams, J. L., Monahan, C. J., & McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9248-3 · Cited by 17
“To explore whether or not the dysphoria factor is actually distinguishable from depression, Elklit et al. (2010) conducted a CFA in which they regressed all of the items from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al. 1992) on a measure of depression.”
MethodKira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., & Kucharska, J. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.814152 · Cited by 15
“One of the measures that widely used with refugees and torture survivors is Harvard trauma questionnaire (HTQ) (e.g., Mollica et al., 1992).”
BackgroundKaysen, D. L., Stappenbeck, C. A., Carroll, H. A., Fukunaga, R., Robinette, K., Dworkin, E. R., Murray, S. M., Tol, W. A., Annan, J. R., Bolton, P. A., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1735162 · Cited by 18
“The Hopkins SymptomChecklist (HSCL-25) (Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, Uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) were adapted to assess for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms based on amixed-methods approach to fit the local context (Bass et al., 2013).”
MethodInfluentialRasmussen, A., Romero, S. A., Leon, M., Verkuilen, J., Morales, P., Martinez‐Maganalles, S., & Stavers-Sosa, I. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22563 · Cited by 15
Reexamining What We Think We Know: A Lesson Learned From Tamil Refugees
Weaver, H. N. (2005) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109905274546 · Cited by 14
“Working with a team of researchers, I adapted the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), a tool developed to assess trauma in Southeast Asian populations (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodIs there a common pathway to developing ASD and PTSD symptoms?
Hansen, M., Armour, C., Wittmann, L., Elklit, A., & Shevlin, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.019 · Cited by 20
“The HTQ is a 17 item self-report scale with three subscales assessing the three separate symptom clusters intrusion, arousal, and avoidance as specified by the DSM-IV rated on a four-point Likert type scale (1= not at all, to 4= all the time).”
MethodInfluentialSilove, D. M., Tay, A. K., Tol, W. A., Tam, N., dos Reis, N., Costa, Z. M. D., Soares, C., & Rees, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.052 · Cited by 15
“Analyses were performed in STATA version 13 (StataCorp, 2013) and Mplus Version 7 (Muthen and Muthen, 2014).”
MethodBernstein, A., Aizik-Reebs, A., Phung, Y., Yuval, K., Gebremariam, S. G., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251344148 · Cited by 14
“It has been used among many populations, including FDP (Lear et al., 2022; et al., 1992) was used to measure trauma exposure and PTSD-symptom severity (Aizik-Reebs et al., 2021).”
Nickerson, A., Byrow, Y., O'Donnell, M. L., Bryant, R. A., Mau, V., McMahon, T., Benson, G., & Liddell, B. J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.057 · Cited by 15
Hatcher, A. M., Turan, J. M., Stöckl, H., Woollett, N., Garcia‐Moreno, C., & Christofides, N. J. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100112 · Cited by 17
Grasser, L. R., Saad, B., Bazzi, C., Suhaiban, H. A., Mammo, D. F., Izar, R., Abou‐Rass, N., Winters, S., Nashef, R., Ali, A. A., et al. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22385 · Cited by 14
“Trauma exposures were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), which queries traumatic events more specific to refugee and non-Western cohorts (Mollica et al., 1992; Rasmussen et al., 2015).”
The mental health effects of changing from insecure to secure visas for refugees
Nickerson, A., Byrow, Y., O’Donnell, M., Bryant, R. A., Mau, V., McMahon, T., Hoffman, J., Mastrogiovanni, N., Specker, P., & Liddell, B. J. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674231177950 · Cited by 14
“Exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) was measured at time-point 1 using the 16-item Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992), which indexes traumatic events commonly experienced by refugees.”
MethodMeasures of trauma exposure and trauma response: A scoping review
Tolchin, G. K., Doorn, K. A., Horne, S. J., Baitch, R., & Silberschatz, G. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23565 · Cited by 16
Suicidality and Self-Harm Behavior of Adolescents During the Early Phase of the War in Ukraine
Sourander, A., Silwal, S., Osokina, O., Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki, S., Hodes, M., & Skokauskas, N. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.015 · Cited by 22
“29,30 This is a self-report instrument in which the fi rst 16 items are based on the PTSD criteria in DSM-IV .”
InfluentialMaršanić, V. B., Margetić, B. A., Bulić, S. O., Đuretić, I., Kniewald, H., Jukić, T., & Paradžik, L. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014541248 · Cited by 16
“Data about former and current psychiatric symptoms were collected using the following instruments: Clinician Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS) (Blake et al., 1990), Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) (Guy, 1976), the Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992), Mississippi Scale for Combat-related PTSD (Keane, Cadde…”
MethodPosttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Adults Caring for Orphaned Children in HIV-Endemic South Africa
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Post-traumatic stress disorder in partners of people with epilepsy
Norup, D. A., & Elklit, A. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.11.039 · Cited by 17
“Symptoms of PTSD were estimated using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; [35]).”
MethodDevries, K. M., Fabbri, C., Allen, E., Barongo, V., Shayo, E. H., Greco, G., Kaemingk, M., Qiu, M., Steinacher, R., Tol, W. A., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7627-y · Cited by 14
Kankaanpää, S., Isosävi, S., Diab, S. Y., Qouta, S., & Punamäki, R. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01746-w · Cited by 15
Pino, O., Pelosi, A., Artoni, V., & Mari, M. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-021-09908-9 · Cited by 19
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) was created [1, 21] because the need for a cross-”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialActivating the attachment system modulates neural responses to threat in refugees with PTSD
Liddell, B. J., Malhi, G. S., Felmingham, K. L., Den, M. L., Das, P., Outhred, T., Nickerson, A., Askovic, M., Coello, M., Aroche, J., et al. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab077 · Cited by 16
“Trauma history wasmeasured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992), indexing lifetime exposure to 16 different types of traumatic events common to refugees.”
MethodNdungu, J., Jewkes, R. K., Ngcobo-Sithole, M. B., Chirwa, E. D., & Gibbs, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157923 · Cited by 14
“Past week post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms were assessed using 16 items from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [28].”
MethodGredebäck, G., Haas, S., Hall, J., Pollak, S. D., Karakuş, D. C., & Lindskog, M. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210362 · Cited by 15
“The PTS questionnaire, PTSD CheckList-Civilian Version (PCL-CAbbreviated) [25], included six questions related to disturbing memories, negative emotions related to past experiences, avoidance of situations that remind of stressful experiences, distance to other people, irritation and anger and”
MethodGillespie, S., Winer, J. P., Issa, O. M., & Ellis, B. H. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615211048053 · Cited by 17
“Symptoms of posttraumatic stress.. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress experienced in the past week were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992), a scale that was developed for and validated with refugee populations.”
MethodSharma, M., Koenen, K. C., Borba, C. P. C., Williams, D. R., & Deng, D. K. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.016 · Cited by 15
Blackmore, R., Gray, K. M., Melvin, G. A., Newman, L. K., Boyle, J. A., & Gibson‐Helm, M. E. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01167-8 · Cited by 15
Construction of a questionnaire for readiness to reconcile in victims of human rights violations
Stammel, N., Neuner, F., Böttche, M., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2012) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.15785 · Cited by 13
“The PDS traumatic event scale was supplemented by events derived from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) and the Vivo Checklist of war, detention and torture events (Vivo Foundation).”
MethodHyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., Hansen, M., Vallières, F., Murphy, J., & Elklit, A. (2016) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2015.1117933 · Cited by 15
Zerach, G., & Elklit, A. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517716944 · Cited by 14
“Mollica et al. (1992) found good reliability and validity for the scale.”
BackgroundMethodFlood, C., & Coyne, I. (2019) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2019.28.7.461 · Cited by 14
Gibbs, A., Dunkle, K., Washington, L., Sikweyiya, Y. M., Willan, S., Shai, N., & Jewkes, R. K. (2019) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1662469 · Cited by 15
“We assessed post-traumatic stress symptoms, using 16 items of the Harvard Trauma scale (Cronbach α=0.91 women; men α = 0.92), created a mean and dichotomised scores at 2.5 (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodInfluentialEmdad, R., Söndergaard, H. P., & Theorell, T. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1034 · Cited by 13
Elklit, A. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00706.x · Cited by 14
“A shame and guilt subscale was composed of four items from a revised edition of the HTQ (Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodVaillant, J., Kalra, N., Cuneo, A. G., & Rouanet, L. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284088 · Cited by 13
“Following Bass et al. [28] and Bass et al. [17], we assess the severity of PTSD using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ-16) [29] and depression and anxiety symptoms using locally adapted versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) [30].”
MethodKarnouk, C., Böge, K., Lindheimer, N., Churbaji, D., Abdelmagid, S., Mohamad, S., Hahn, E. W., & Bajbouj, M. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-021-00447-1 · Cited by 14
Bohart, S., Egerod, I., Bestle, M. H., Overgaard, D., Christensen, D. F., & Jensen, J. F. (2018) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2018.11.009 · Cited by 13
Barbui, C., Tedeschi, F., Acartürk, C., Anttila, M., Au, T. M., Baumgartner, J. S., Carswell, K., Churchill, R. C., Cuijpers, P. J., Karyotaki, E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221132430 · Cited by 16
“Exposure to potentially traumatic events was measured at baseline using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-part I (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992).”
MethodRitsema, H., & Armstrong-Hough, M. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1048649 · Cited by 16
Hauch, D., & Elklit, A. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2281749 · Cited by 20
“This study included 17 questions from section III of the HTQ, which were used to measure symptoms of PTSD based on the three symptom clusters included in the DSM-IV ’ s PTSD diagnosis: Re-experiencing ( fi ve items), Avoidance (seven items) and Hypervigilance ( fi ve items).”
MethodInfluentialSilove, D. M., Rees, S. J., Tam, N., Mohsin, M., Tay, A. K., & Tol, W. A. (2015) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000190 · Cited by 14
Crisis Support and Coping as Mediators of Well-Being in Persons with Spinal Cord Lesion
Nielsen, M. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1023/a:1023389904406 · Cited by 13
“To assess PTSD symptomatology, participants received the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), section IV ( Mollica et al., 1992, 1999 ).”
MethodInfluentialWhitaker, D. J., Self‐Brown, S., Weeks, E. A., O’Connor, M. H., Lyons, M., Willging, C. E., Lee, N. H., Kumar, J. L., Joseph, H. L., Reidy, D. E., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11148-2 · Cited by 14
KLEIJ, W. C. (2001) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.88.2.527-532 · Cited by 13
Trauma and PTSD rates in an irish psychiatric population
Wilson, F. E., Hennessy, E., Dooley, B. A., Kelly, B. D., & Ryan, D. (2013) · Disaster Health · doi:10.4161/dish.27366 · Cited by 14
“com Disaster Health 77 The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Revised Cambodian Version The original Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) was designed for use among refugees and individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.(38) It has been validated and used in multiple ethnic groups including Africans,(39,40) Asians,(38,41,…”
MethodHansen, M., Hyland, P., & Armour, C. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.008 · Cited by 13
International disaster mental health
Barron, R. A. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.007 · Cited by 13
Enhancing self‐report assessment of PTSD: Development of an item bank
Vecchio, N. D., Elwy, A. R., Smith, E. G., Bottonari, K. A., & Eisen, S. V. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20611 · Cited by 13
AlObaidi, A., West, B. M., Fox, A. B., & Savin, D. M. (2015) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9862-8 · Cited by 12
“HTQ has many language versions, however, it should be administered by health care professionals with supervision by medical, psychiatric doctors or nurses as it is not a self- report designed tool (Mollica et al. 1992; Shoeb et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodHinton, D. E., Hinton, L., Tran, M., Nguyen, L., Hsia, C. C., & Pollack, M. H. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20154 · Cited by 13
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) assesses 16 DSM-III-R–related PTSD items on a 1- to 4-point Likert-type scale; it has been translated and validated for the Vietnamese population [Mollica et al., 1992].”
Methodvan Melle, M., Lamkaddem, M., Stuiver, M. M., Gerritsen, A. A. M., Devillé, W. L. J. M., & Essink‐Bot, M. (2014) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-160 · Cited by 15
“both questionnaires are validated for use in family practice and within several refugee groups [23-26].”
Pretorius, T. B., Padmanabhanunni, A., & Campbell, J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2016.1200587 · Cited by 17
Yuval, K., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.008 · Cited by 13
“The HTQ is the most common self-report measure of trauma exposure and PTS symptoms in diverse populations including FDPs and asylum seekers.”
MethodInfluentialRasmussen, A., Miller, K. E., & Verkuilen, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_16 · Cited by 14
Skogberg, N., Koponen, P., Tiittala, P., Mustonen, K.-L., Lilja, E., Snellman, O., & Castaneda, A. E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027917 · Cited by 13
Kane, J. C., Sharma, A., Murray, L. K., Chander, G., Kanguya, T., Lasater, M. E., Skavenski, S. V. W., Paul, R., Mayeya, J., Danielson, C. K., et al. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100278 · Cited by 13
“As a secondary analysis, we will also estimate generalized linear mixed effects models with binary AUDIT, CES-D, HTQ, and ASSIST outcomes using established cut-off Table 3 BI elements.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe impact of torture on interpersonal threat and reward neurocircuitry
Liddell, B. J., Malhi, G. S., Felmingham, K. L., Cheung, J., Outhred, T., Das, P., Nickerson, A., Den, M. L., Askovic, M., Coello, M., et al. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420950819 · Cited by 17
“Trauma exposure was determined by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) – a measure that indexes lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events commonly reported by refugees.”
BackgroundMethodBurnout in mental health nurses: much ado about nothing?
Carson, J. F., Maal, S., Roche, S., Fagin, L., Villiers, N. D., O'Malley, P., Brown, D., Leary, J., & Holloway, F. A. (1999) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199904)15:2 · Cited by 43
Garoff, F., Skogberg, N., Klemettilä, A., Lilja, E., Omar, A. A. H., Snellman, O., & Castaneda, A. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137160 · Cited by 13
“The items were adapted from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [22].”
MethodMental health screening and assessment tools for forcibly displaced children: a systematic review
Verhagen, I. L., Noom, M. J., Lindauer, R., Daams, J. G., & Hein, I. M. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2126468 · Cited by 20
“The Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms [PTSS] section of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [HTQ] (Mollica et al., 1992) was developed for adults.”
MethodSmaik, N., Simmons, L. A., Abdulhaq, B., & Dardas, L. A. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.09.007 · Cited by 12
“Internal consistencies for the Arabic version ranged from 0.74 to 0.89 [37].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMigrants’ mental health recovery in Italian reception facilities
Caroppo, E., Calabrese, C., Mazza, M., Rinaldi, A., Coluzzi, D., Napoli, P. A., Sapienza, M., UOC Salute Mentale working group, Monfrinotti, I., Bosio, M., et al. (2023) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-023-00385-8 · Cited by 14
Emerson, J. A., Caulfield, L. E., Kishimata, E. M., Nzanzu, J.-P., & Doocy, S. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8092-3 · Cited by 15
“The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) was used to assess depression symptoms (15 items) and anxiety symptoms (10 items), and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) was used to assess PTSD symptoms (16 items) [32, 33].”
MethodNdungu, J., Ramsoomar, L., Willan, S., Washington, L., Ngcobo-Sithole, M. B., & Gibbs, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100022 · Cited by 12
Ferrajão, P. C., & Elklit, A. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105271 · Cited by 12
Liddell, B. J., Das, P., Malhi, G. S., Felmingham, K. L., Outhred, T., Cheung, J., Den, M. L., Nickerson, A., Askovic, M., Aroche, J., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01795-3 · Cited by 16
“We verified torture exposure with participants in three steps: (1) endorsement of the torture item in the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [46]; (2) completion of a torture-experiences questionnaire based on a previous measure [10] but developed for this study to index the degree, type and extent of torture exposure…”
MethodMoseholm, E., Midtgaard, J., Bollerup, S., Apol, Á. D., Olesen, O. B., Jespersen, S., & Weis, N. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610097 · Cited by 12
Hoffman, J., Ben‐Zion, Z., Arévalo, A., Duek, O. A., Greene, T., Hall, B. J., Harpaz‐Rotem, I., Liddell, B. J., Locher, C., Morina, N., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2143019 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- MOLLICA, R. F., CASPI-YAVIN, Y., BOLLINI, P., TRUONG, T., TOR, S., & LAVELLE, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- MOLLICA, RICHARD F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Published
- 1992-02
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-116
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4292855834
- Cited by
- 1,489
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 6.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder, torture, trauma symptoms, Indochinese refugees, cross-cultural assessment, screening tool, cultural sensitivity, instrument validation, refugee mental health
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