Cited by 1,489Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees

MOLLICA, RICHARD F., CASPI-YAVIN, YAEL, BOLLINI, PAOLA, TRUONG, TOAN, TOR, SVANG, LAVELLE, JAMES·1992·The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

DOI 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

There are no valid and reliable cross-cultural instruments capable of measuring torture, trauma, and trauma-related symptoms associated with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Generating such standardized instruments for patients from non-Western cultures involves particular methodological challenges. This study describes the development and validation of three Indochinese versions of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), a simple and reliable screening instrument that is well received by refugee patients and bicultural staff. It identifies for the first time trauma symptoms related to the Indochinese refugee experience that are associated with PTSD criteria. The HTQ's cultural sensitivity may make it useful for assessing other highly traumatized non-Western populations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,005

The Mental Health of Refugee Children
Rousseau, C. (1995) · Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review · doi:10.1177/136346159503200304 · Cited by 86
Bereavement hallucinations after the loss of a spouse: Associations with psychopathological measures, personality and coping style
Kamp, K. S., O’Connor, M., Spindler, H., & Moskowitz, A. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1458759 · Cited by 85
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire – Part IV (HTQ) Consists of 31 items, rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from ‘not at all’ (1) to ‘very often’ (4) (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Trauma experience of North Korean refugees in China
Lee, Y., Lee, M. K., Chun, K. H., Lee, Y. K., & Yoon, S. J. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00282-8 · Cited by 84
Psychological assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of torture survivors: A review
Campbell, T. A. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.003 · Cited by 86
The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder amongst West Papuan refugees
Tay, A. K., Rees, S. J., Chen, J., Kareth, M., & Silove, D. M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0480-3 · Cited by 84
“In addition, we compared the time 2 PTSD score with that of a standard measure in the field, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [34] which is based on DSM-IV.”
Method
Exposure to violence and mental health of adolescents: South African Health and Well-being Study
Stansfeld, S. A., Rothon, C., Das‐Munshi, J., Mathews, C., Adams, A. R., Clark, C., & Lund, C. (2017) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.117.004861 · Cited by 84
The dimensionality of trauma: a multidimensional scaling comparison of police officers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Carlier, I. V. E., Lamberts, R. D., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00211-0 · Cited by 84
Effect of Post-Migration Detention on Mental Health Among Afghan Asylum Seekers in Japan
Ichikawa, M., Nakahara, S., & Wakai, S. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01800.x · Cited by 90
“We did not use scale-cutoff points for the caseness of the mental disorders that have been determined in Indo-Chinese refugees [15,16].”
Method
High Manifestations of Mental Distress in Arabic Asylum Seekers Accommodated in Collective Centers for Refugees in Germany
Georgiadou, E., Morawa, E., & Erim, Y. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14060612 · Cited by 82
“Vindbjerg et al. [53] assessed the factorial structure of PTSD in an Arabic speaking population of refugees with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [54].”
Suicidal Ideation and Mental Health of Bhutanese Refugees in the United States
Ao, T. T.-H., Shetty, S., Sivilli, T. I., Blanton, C., Ellis, H., Geltman, P. L., Cochran, J., Taylor, E. M., Lankau, E. W., & Cardozo, B. L. (2015) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0325-7 · Cited by 83
“Furthermore, because no structured clinical interviews were performed, the extent to which self-reported symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety would match clinical diagnosis is unclear.”
Influential
Evaluating feasibility and acceptability of a group WHO trans-diagnostic intervention for women with common mental disorders in rural Pakistan: A cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial
Khan, M. N., Hamdani, S. U., Chiumento, A., Dawson, K., Bryant, R. A., Sijbrandij, M., Nazir, H., Akhtar, P., Masood, A., Wang, D., et al. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000336 · Cited by 82
“Adverse life events: Potentially traumatic events, day-to-day life events, and demographic information was also collected to compare the two arms for major baseline differences (Mollica et al. 1992; Rahman et al. 2003).”
Background
Evaluating Art Therapy to Heal the Effects of Trauma Among Refugee Youth
Rowe, C., Watson-Ormond, R., English, L., Rubesin, H., Marshall, A., Linton, K., Amolegbe, A., Agnew-Brune, C. B., & Eng, E. (2016) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839915626413 · Cited by 104
“The Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (PHSCS; Piers & Herzberg, 2009), the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSC; Derogatis, lipman, Rickels, uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974), and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) were administered to students to measure selfconcept, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and…”
MethodInfluential
Well‐Being and Posttraumatic Growth Among Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Rizkalla, N., & Segal, S. P. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22281 · Cited by 83
Rumination and Avoidance as Predictors of Prolonged Grief, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress in Female Widowed Survivors of War
Morina, N. (2011) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182392aae · Cited by 81
“Potentially traumatic events were measured using an adjusted checklist for war-related events that is based on the first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Method
Coping strategies and mental health outcomes of conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia
Saxon, L. C., Makhashvili, N., Chikovani, I., Seguin, M., McKee, M., Patel, V., Bisson, J. I., & Roberts, B. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016000019 · Cited by 83
“Exposure to a range of violent and traumatic events was assessed using an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al. 1992).”
Shame, guilt, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A three-level meta-analysis
Shi, C., Ren, Z., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., & Chan, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102443 · Cited by 93
Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression Among Bhutanese Refugees in the United States
Vonnahme, L. A., Lankau, E. W., Ao, T. T.-H., Shetty, S., & Cardozo, B. L. (2014) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-014-0120-x · Cited by 83
“The HSCL-25 and HTQ indicate the presence of mental health condition symptoms but do not provide clinical diagnosis.”
Method
Post-Traumatic Stress in Asylum Seekers and Refugees From Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: Gender Differences in Symptomatology and Coping
Renner, W., & Salem, I. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008092341 · Cited by 82
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ, Mollica et al., 1992), of which Items 1–16 from Part IV of the questionnaire are relevant in the present, cross-cultural context.”
Factor structure and concurrent validity of the world assumptions scale
Elklit, A., Shevlin, M. E., Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20203 · Cited by 88
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire Part IV (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) assesses both the symptoms specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the culture-specific symptoms associated with PTSD.”
Method
'We Are Not Here to Claim Better Services Than Any Other': Social Exclusion among Men from Refugee Backgrounds in Urban and Regional Australia
Correa‐Velez, I., Spaaij, R., & Upham, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fes003 · Cited by 82
Posttraumatic Stress Among Syrian Refugees: Trauma Exposure Characteristics, Trauma Centrality, and Emotional Suppression
Chung, M. C., Shakra, M., AlQarni, N., AlMazrouei, M., Al Mazrouei, S., & Al Hashimi, S. (2018) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2017.1354620 · Cited by 81
“Methods: A total of 564 Syrian refugees participated in the study and completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Centrality of Event Scale, and Courtauld Emotional Control Scale.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of political imprisonment and trauma history on recent Tibetan refugees in India
Crescenzi, A., Ketzer, E., van Ommeren, M., Phuntsok, K., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1020129107279 · Cited by 81
“Both the HSCL-25 and the HTQ have been shown to be valid and reliable screening instruments for screening anxiety, depression, and PTSD among Indochinese refugees in the United States ( Mollica et al., 1987, 1992 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Differential Associations Among PTSD and Complex PTSD Symptoms and Traumatic Experiences and Postmigration Difficulties in a Culturally Diverse Refugee Sample
Hecker, T., Huber, S., Maier, T., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22342 · Cited by 79
Sexual Assault Among Women in College: Immediate and Long-Term Associations With Mental Health, Psychosocial Functioning, and Romantic Relationships
Rothman, K., Salivar, E. G., Roddy, M. K., Hatch, S. G., & Doss, B. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519870158 · Cited by 71
“; DSM-IV) criteria (Mollica et al., 1992) as data collection for the current study occurred prior to the release of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.”
Background
Assessment of exposure to political violence and other potentially traumatizing events. A critical review
Netland, M. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1011164901867 · Cited by 78
“Test-retest and interrater reliability estimates based on correlation coefficients for total or group counts of items measuring PTEs are commonly used in psychological research on political violence (Keane et al., 1989; Lyons et al., 1993; Mollica et al., 1992; Wolfe et al., 1993) and other PTEs (Cooley et al.”
BackgroundMethod
Feasibility of trauma-focused Guided Imagery and Music with adult refugees diagnosed with PTSD: A pilot study
Beck, B. D., Messell, C., Meyer, S., Cordtz, T. O., Søgaard, U., Simonsen, E. H., & Moe, T. (2017) · Nordic Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1080/08098131.2017.1286368 · Cited by 85
“The primary outcome measure was the therapist-administered scale Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) demonstrating an acceptable reliability in different languages, including Arabic (Kleijn, Hovens, & Rodenburg, 2001).”
Background
The DSM-5 dissociative-PTSD subtype: Can levels of depression, anxiety, hostility, and sleeping difficulties differentiate between dissociative-PTSD and PTSD in rape and sexual assault victims?
Armour, C., Elklit, A., Lauterbach, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.008 · Cited by 81
“The current study focused on those who had been administered the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Trauma Symptom Checklist (N = 351).”
MethodInfluential
Barriers to Mental Health Help-Seeking Amongst Refugee Men
Byrow, Y., Pajak, R., McMahon, T., Rajouria, A., & Nickerson, A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152634 · Cited by 76
Course of post-traumatic stress disorder and health care utilisation among resettled refugees in the Netherlands
Lamkaddem, M., Stronks, K., Devillé, W. L. J. M., Olff, M., Gerritsen, A. A. M., & Essink‐Bot, M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-90 · Cited by 76
Development and validation of a Haitian Creole screening instrument for depression
Rasmussen, A., Eustache, E., Raviola, G. J., Kaiser, B. N., Grelotti, D. J., & Belkin, G. S. (2014) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461514543546 · Cited by 77
“…included the Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item version (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992; Mollica, Wyshak, de Marneffe, Khuon, & Lavelle, 1987), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck & Steer, 1990), and the Brief…”
Patterns and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: A latent class analysis
Minihan, S., Liddell, B. J., Byrow, Y., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.010 · Cited by 84
Report from the CDC: Mental Health of Women in Postwar Afghanistan
Cardozo, B. L., Bilukha, O. O., Gotway, C. A., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., & Anderson, M. (2005) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2005.14.285 · Cited by 75
Effects of Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: Randomized clinical trial
Lindauer, R., Gersons, B. P. R., van Meijel, E. P. M., Blom, K., Carlier, I. V. E., Vrijlandt, I., & Olff, M. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20029 · Cited by 75
Exploring the Mental Health Effects of Political Trauma With Newly Arrived Refugees
Shannon, P. J., Wieling, E. A., McCleary, J. S., & Becher, E. H. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314549475 · Cited by 76
“Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Background
Relationship Among Perceived Parental Trauma, Parental Attachment, and Sense of Coherence in Southeast Asian American College Students
Han, M. (2006) · Journal of Family Social Work · doi:10.1300/j039v09n02_02 · Cited by 82
“Part 1 of the HTQ measured the severity of the parents’ traumas prior to and during migration, as perceived by the students (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Background
Risk factors predict post-traumatic stress disorder differently in men and women
Christiansen, D. M., & Elklit, A. (2008) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-7-24 · Cited by 74
Explosive anger as a response to human rights violations in post-conflict Timor-Leste
Silove, D. M., Brooks, R., Bateman-Steel, C. R., Steel, Z., Hewage, K., Rodger, J., & Soosay, I. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.030 · Cited by 73
“The DSM-IV based PTSD scale (Mollica et al., 1992) has been used in two studies involving Timorese (Modvig et al.”
Method
The Sierra Leonean Refugee Experience
Fox, S. H., & Tang, S. S. S. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200008000-00003 · Cited by 75
What are the risk factors for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a war-affected population? a cross-sectional community study in South Sudan
Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A. H., Ruom, M. M., & Hauff, E. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-175 · Cited by 80
“The HTQ has been adapted for and used in various cultures and languages [39].”
Method
Psycho-Trauma, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Symptomatic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Internally Displaced Persons in Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria
Sheikh, T. L., Abdulaziz, M., Agunbiade, S., Ike, J., Ebiti, W. N., & Adekeye, O. B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00127 · Cited by 76
“We dichotomized the outcome of HTQ based on a cut off score of 2.5 into those with PTSD and those without PTSD.”
MethodInfluential
Prevalence and predictors for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and general health in a population from six villages in South Lebanon
Farhood, L., & Dimassi, H. I. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0368-6 · Cited by 74
“The HTQ psychometric properties are as follows: inter-rater reliability r = 0.93 for the traumatic events, r = 0.98 for symptoms and on-week test‐retest reliability r = 0.89, p \ 0.0001 for traumatic events, and r = 0.92, p \ 0.0001 for trauma symptoms [ 41 ].”
MethodInfluential
Association between exposure to traumatic events and anxiety disorders in a post-conflict setting: a cross-sectional community study in South Sudan
Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A. H., Swartz, L. M., & Hauff, E. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-6 · Cited by 73
“The HTQ has been adapted for and used in various cultures and languages [39].”
Method
The impact of trauma exposure characteristics on post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees
Chung, M. C., AlQarni, N., AlMazrouei, M., Muhairi, S. A., Shakra, M., Mitchell, B., Mazrouei, S. A., & Hashimi, S. A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.035 · Cited by 74
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) measures trauma exposure characteristics by posing questions on a series of traumatic events during escape”
Background
Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico: A cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Norris, F. H., Perilla, J. L., & Murphy, A. D. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.4.553 · Cited by 74
Prolonged grief disorder three decades post loss in survivors of the Khmer rouge regime in Cambodia
Stammel, N., Heeke, C., Bockers, E., Chhim, S., Taing, S., Wagner, B., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.063 · Cited by 73
“Traumatic events were measured using an adjusted checklist based on the first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) (Mollica et al., 1992) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) (Foa et al.”
Method
Recently resettled refugee women-at-risk in Australia evidence high levels of psychiatric symptoms: individual, trauma and post-migration factors predict outcomes
Schweitzer, R., Vromans, L., Brough, M., Asic-Kobe, M., Correa‐Velez, I., Murray, K. E., & Lenette, C. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1143-2 · Cited by 76
Testing alternative factor models of PTSD and the robustness of the dysphoria factor
Elklit, A., Armour, C., & Shevlin, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.002 · Cited by 76
“…of the Danish ‘National Association of Infant Death’ and had experienced the loss of their child between 5 days and 18 years (M = 3.3 years) from the time of completing both the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ: Mollica et al., 1992) and The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33: Briere & Runtz, 1989).”
BackgroundInfluential
Complex Sequelae of Psychological Trauma Among Kosovar Civilian War Victims
Nexhmedin Morina, B., & Ford, J. D. (2008) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764008090505 · Cited by 76
“First, participants were asked using part I of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire if they had experienced any traumatic event during the war.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological trauma and help seeking behaviour amongst resettled Iraqi refugees in attending English tuition classes in Australia
Slewa‐Younan, S., Mond, J., Bussion, E., Melkonian, M., Mohammad, Y., Dover, H., Smith, M. M., Milosevic, D., & Jorm, A. F. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-9-5 · Cited by 74
“Of those participants with clinically significant PTSD symptomatology according to the HTQ, only 32.9% reported ever having ever sought help for a mental health problem.”
MethodInfluential
Enduring impact of conflict on mental health and gender-based violence perpetration in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional study
Jewkes, R. K., Shai, N., & Sikweyiya, Y. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186062 · Cited by 74
The assessment of grief in refugees and post-conflict survivors: a narrative review of etic and emic research
Killikelly, C., Bauer, S., & Maercker, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01957 · Cited by 71
“Presently several research groups have developed cross cultural assessment measures for mental health, including the Cultural Assessment Tools for Mental Health and Cultural Assessment from McGill University (Kirmayer et al., 2014), the Cultural Formulation Interview for the DSM-5 (Aggarwal et al., 2014), the Harvard…”
Risk Factors and Health Profiles of Recent Migrant Women Who Experienced Violence Associated with Pregnancy
Stewart, D., Gagnon, A., Merry, L., & Dennis, C. (2012) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3415 · Cited by 69
Cohort Profile: Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA): the longitudinal study of humanitarian migrants
Edwards, B., Smart, D., Maio, J. D., Silbert, M., & Jenkinson, R. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx218 · Cited by 71
Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience
Anwar, J., Mpofu, E., Matthews, L. R., Shadoul, A. F., & Brock, K. E. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-523 · Cited by 72
“Although the HSCL-25 has been widely used as a screening instrument to detect depression and anxiety in many cultures and languages including Urdu [29,33,35,37,38,50,69], it was not practicable to test the specificity and sensitivity of the cut-off point of 1.75 against a clinically-based DSM-IV or ICD-10 diagnosis in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The enduring mental health impact of mass violence: A community comparison study of Cambodian civilians living in Cambodia and Thailand
Mollica, R. F., Brooks, R., Tor, S., Lopes-Cardozo, B., & Silove, D. M. (2013) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764012471597 · Cited by 73
“The HSCL-25 includes a 15-item scale of depressive symptoms and the HTQ contains a 16-item scale of diagnostic criteria for PTSD as defined in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Can mindfulness-based interventions influence cognitive functioning in older adults? A review and considerations for future research.
Berk, L., van Boxtel, M., & van Os, J. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1247423 · Cited by 70
“O’Connor, Piet, and Hougaard (2014) investigated the effects of MBCT on depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, Steer, & Carbin, 1988), posttraumatic stress (PTSS; measured with Harvard Trauma Questionnaire – Part IV; Mollica et al., 1992), complicated grief (Inventory of Complication Grief – Revised; Pr…”
BackgroundMethod
Psychological distress and mental health service contact of unaccompanied asylum‐seeking children
Cao, E. S., Kramer, T., & Hodes, M. (2012) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01406.x · Cited by 69
“The instrument shows good internal consistency with Cronbach coefficient alpha of 0.90 (Mollica et al. 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Adolescent understandings of political violence and psychological well-being: a qualitative study from Bosnia Herzegovina
JONES, L. M. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00275-1 · Cited by 71
Psychosocial predictors of treatment outcome for trauma-affected refugees
Sonne, C., Carlsson, J., Bech, P., Vindbjerg, E., Mortensen, E. L., & Elklit, A. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30907 · Cited by 70
Mental Disorders and Their Association With Disability Among Internally Displaced Persons and Returnees in Georgia
Makhashvili, N., Chikovani, I., McKee, M., Bisson, J., Patel, V., & Roberts, B. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21949 · Cited by 69
“…Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, which was designed to measure experiences of violent and traumatic events among civilian populations in a range of cultural settings (Mollica et al., 1992), with items selected that were deemed most pertinent to the Georgian context (see Table 1 for selected items).”
Background
Assessing the Impact of a Media‐based Intervention to Prevent Intergroup Violence and Promote Positive Intergroup Relations in Burundi
Bilali, R., Vollhardt, J. R., & Rarick, J. R. D. (2015) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2246 · Cited by 69
Retracted: Physical Activity within a CBT Intervention Improves Coping with Pain in Traumatized Refugees: Results of a Randomized Controlled Design
Liedl, A., Müller, J., Morina, N., Karl, A., Denke, C., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.01040.x · Cited by 74
Retracted
Parents bereaved by infant death: sex differences and moderation in PTSD, attachment, coping and social support
Christiansen, D. M., Olff, M., & Elklit, A. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.012 · Cited by 67
“PTSD The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ part IV) [27] was used to assess loss-related PTSD symptoms within the past month.”
BackgroundMethod
Factors associated with recent intimate partner violence experience amongst currently married women in Afghanistan and health impacts of IPV: a cross sectional study
Gibbs, A., Corboz, J., & Jewkes, R. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5507-5 · Cited by 67
“Past week PTSD symptoms were assessed using 16 items of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [37].”
Method
Establishing a Framework for Gathering Structural and Social Determinants of Health in Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers
Stites, S. D., Midgett, S., Mechanic-Hamilton, D. J., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Glover, C. M., Márquez, D. X., Balls‐Berry, J. E., Streitz, M. L., Babulal, G. M., Trani, J., et al. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab182 · Cited by 69
The poor have become rich, and the rich have become poor: Collective trauma in the Guinean Languette
Abramowitz, S. A. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.023 · Cited by 68
“…from a combination of several sources, including the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 ARTICLE IN PRESS (Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, & Uhlenhuth, Covi, 1974), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (Robins et al., 1988), and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Method
The relation of appraisal, coping efforts, and acuteness of trauma to PTS symptoms among former political prisoners
Kanninen, K. M., Punamäki, R., & Qouta, S. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1015211529584 · Cited by 68
War trauma exposed refugees and posttraumatic stress disorder: The moderating role of trait resilience
Fino, E., Mema, D., & Russo, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109905 · Cited by 68
Chronic post-traumatic headache after mild head injury: A descriptive study
Kjeldgaard, D., Forchhammer, H. B., Teasdale, T., & Jensen, R. (2013) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102413505236 · Cited by 68
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Part IV (HTQ) (21) was used to assess and measure the presence and severity of possible PTSD symptoms in relation to the trauma causing the headache (and was therefore not given to the control group).”
MethodInfluential
A population study of prolonged grief in refugees
Bryant, R. A., Edwards, B., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M. L., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D. M., Steel, Z., McFARLANE, A. C., Hooff, M. V., et al. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000386 · Cited by 69
Feasibility and acceptability of Problem Management Plus (PM+) among Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in Switzerland: a mixed-method pilot randomized controlled trial
Spaaij, J., Kiselev, N., Berger, C., Bryant, R. A., Cuijpers, P. J., de Graaff, A. M., Fuhr, D. C., Hemmo, M., McDaid, D., Moergeli, H., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2002027 · Cited by 72
“This 27-item scale combines items of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (Foa, Cashman, Jaycox, & Perry, 1997) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992).”
Method
Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries affected by humanitarian crises
Purgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., van Ommeren, M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W. A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011849 · Cited by 68
CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION OF MEASURES OF TRAUMATIC SYMPTOMS IN GROUPS OF ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM CHECHNYA, AFGHANISTAN, AND WEST AFRICA
Renner, W., Salem, I., & Ottomeyer, K. (2006) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.9.1101 · Cited by 66
The deterioration and mobilization effects of trauma on social support: Childhood maltreatment and adulthood military violence in a Palestinian community sample
Punamäki, R., Komproe, I. H., Qouta, S., El‐Masri, M., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.011 · Cited by 67
Near-death experiences, attacks by family members, and absence of health care in their home countries affect the quality of life of refugee women in Germany: a multi-region, cross-sectional, gender-sensitive study
on behalf of the Female Refugee Study (FRS) Investigators, Jesuthasan, J., Sönmez, E., Abels, I., Kurmeyer, C., Gutermann, J., Kimbel, R., Krüger, A., Niklewski, G., Richter, K., et al. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-1003-5 · Cited by 67
“The traumatic events experienced or witnessed were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [18, 19].”
Method
Addressing Mental Health Concerns in Refugees and Displaced Populations: Is Enough Being Done?
Grasser, L. R. (2022) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s270233 · Cited by 77
Exposure to Political Violence and Psychological Well-being in Bosnian Adolescents: A Mixed Method Approach
JONES, L. M., & Kafetsios, K. G. (2005) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104505051209 · Cited by 65
Food Insecurity Among Cambodian Refugee Women Two Decades Post Resettlement
Peterman, J. N., Wilde, P., Silka, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-012-9704-5 · Cited by 65
Screening for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Somali ex-combatants: A validation study
Odenwald, M. G., Lingenfelder, B., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Rockstroh, B. S., Hinkel, H., & Elbert, T. R. (2007) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-1-10 · Cited by 64
“The authors of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; [15]), an instrument designed for the assessment of PTSD symptoms frequently used in community-based studies in post-conflict areas, suggest that studies should always include a validation sub-study in order to define the appropriate population cut-off score [16] a…”
Method
Altered salivary alpha-amylase awakening response in Bosnian War refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder
Thoma, M. V., Joksimovic, L., Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, J. M., & Rohleder, N. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.013 · Cited by 64
A longitudinal study of mental health in refugees from Burma: the impact of therapeutic interventions
van Wyk, S., Schweitzer, R., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Murray, K. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867412443059 · Cited by 64
“It is a valid and reliable measure in refugee populations (Hollifield et al., 2002; Mollica et al., 1992) and has been previously used with Burmese refugees (Lopes Cardozo et al.”
BackgroundMethod
Comorbidity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Tortured, Treatment‐Seeking Refugees
Nickerson, A., Schick, M., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., & Morina, N. (2017) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22205 · Cited by 65
A Scoping Review of the Experiences of Violence and Abuse Among Sexual and Gender Minority Migrants Across the Migration Trajectory
Alessi, E. J., Cheung, S., Kahn, S., & Yu, M. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211043892 · Cited by 72
Exploring differences between the ICD-11 and DSM-5 models of PTSD: Does it matter which model is used?
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., McNally, S., Murphy, J., Hansen, M., & Elklit, A. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.002 · Cited by 64
“Mollica et al. (1992) reported 88% concordance between those reporting symptoms consistent with PTSD diagnostic criteria based on the HTQ-IV and a diagnostic interview.”
Method
Classifying the Torture Experiences of Refugees Living in the United States
Hooberman, J. B., Rosenfeld, B., Lhewa, D., Rasmussen, A., & Keller, A. (2007) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260506294999 · Cited by 64
“We examined scores on the PTSD symptom severity scale of the HTQ, as well as the depression and anxiety subscales of the HSCL to determine whether there was a differential psychological symptom response based on torture experiences.”
MethodInfluential
Preventing Posttraumatic Stress Related to Sexual Assault Through Early Intervention: A Systematic Review
Dworkin, E. R., & Schumacher, J. A. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016669518 · Cited by 65
The relationship between trauma centrality, self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees: Is gender a moderator?
Chung, M. C., AlQarni, N., Muhairi, S. A., & Mitchell, B. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.001 · Cited by 64
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992) measures the experience of traumatic events since the war started in Syria.”
BackgroundInfluential
Trauma-affected refugees treated with basic body awareness therapy or mixed physical activity as augmentation to treatment as usual—A pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Nordbrandt, M. S., Sonne, C., Mortensen, E. L., & Carlsson, J. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230300 · Cited by 65
“The primary outcome was severity of PTSD symptoms measured on the self-administered Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), developed for research on trauma-affected refugees and validated in several populations [30,31].”
Method
Assessing adolescent mental health in war-affected societies: the significance of symptoms
JONES, L. M., & Kafetsios, K. G. (2002) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00381-2 · Cited by 63
“Mollica found that the HTQ had a specificity of .65 and sensitivity of .78, and the HSCL 25 a specificity of .76 and sensitivity of .93 in an Indo-Chinese population exposed to long-term political violence (Mollica et al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Testing the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic treatment approach in reducing violence and alcohol abuse among families in Zambia: study protocol of the Violence and Alcohol Treatment (VATU) trial
Kane, J. C., Skavenski Van Wyk, S., Murray, S. M., Bolton, P., Melendez, F., Danielson, C. K., Chimponda, P., Munthali, S., & Murray, L. K. (2017) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2017.10 · Cited by 63
“…study among adolescents in Zambia currently underway as part of an ongoing study (clinicaltrials. gov # NCT02054780) – – 0.98 Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) Trauma/posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Mollica et al. (1992) 17 items assessing lifetime experience of a range of traumatic events.”
BackgroundInfluential
Intermittent Explosive Disorder amongst Women in Conflict Affected Timor-Leste: Associations with Human Rights Trauma, Ongoing Violence, Poverty, and Injustice
Rees, S. J., Silove, D. M., Verdial, T., Tam, N., Savio, E., Fonseca, Z., Thorpe, R., Liddell, B. J., Zwi, A. B., Tay, K., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069207 · Cited by 60
“Given the high rates of comorbidity found for IED in other settings, we included The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) [23] for PTSD and the Kessler-10 scale (K10) [24] as a measure of severe distress that predominantly includes symptoms of depression but that also provides a general index of mental disorder [24].”
Method
Maternal multimorbidity during pregnancy and after childbirth in women in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review
McCauley, M., Zafar, S., & van den Broek, N. R. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03303-1 · Cited by 66
Refugee trauma measurement: a review of existing checklists
Sigvardsdotter, E., Malm, A., Tinghög, P., Vaez, M., & Saboonchi, F. (2016) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0024-5 · Cited by 61
“Three (CTI, CTEI, HTQ) were developed specifically for adult refugee groups, of which two in clinical context.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A randomized trial of a reconciliation workshop with and without PTSD psychoeducation in Burundian sample
Yeomans, P. D., Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., & Yuen, E. K. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20531 · Cited by 63
Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder using verbal features in self narratives: A text mining approach
He, Q., Veldkamp, B. P., & de Vries, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.032 · Cited by 67
Understanding the Health of Refugee Women in Host Countries: Lessons from the Kosovar Re-Settlement in Canada
Redwood-Campbell, L. J., Thind, H., Howard, M., Koteles, J., Fowler, N., & Kaczorowski, J. A. (2008) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00005951 · Cited by 62
Ethnic Differences in Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Palinkas, L. A., Petterson, J. S., RUSSELL, J. C., & Downs, M. A. (2004) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00001552 · Cited by 63
“The factor accounting for the highest percentage of variance among the Alaskan Natives was a combination of re-experiencing and avoidance and included the following six items: (1) feeling worse; (2) a physical reaction; (3) could not feel; (4) a flashback; (5) avoidance of places or activities; and (6) bothered by lit…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Elevated hair cortisol concentrations in recently fled asylum seekers in comparison to permanently settled immigrants and non-immigrants
Mewes, R., Reich, H., Skoluda, N., Seele, F., & Nater, U. M. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.14 · Cited by 63
Acute Stress Disorder as a Predictor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Physical Assault Victims
Elklit, A., & Brink, O. (2004) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260504263872 · Cited by 62
“The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire–Part IV (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) was used to estimate the occurrence of ASD at the time of the event.”
BackgroundMethod
Effects of an intervention program for female victims of intimate partner violence on psychological symptoms and perceived social support
Hansen, N. B., Eriksen, S. B., & Elklit, A. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24797 · Cited by 61

Authors: MOLLICA, R. F., CASPI-YAVIN, Y., BOLLINI, P., TRUONG, T., TOR, S., & LAVELLE, J.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (US)
ORCID: MOLLICA, RICHARD F.
Venue: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1992-02
Volume: 180
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-116
ISSN: 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008
OpenAlex: W4292855834
Cited by: 1,489
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 6.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder, torture, trauma symptoms, Indochinese refugees, cross-cultural assessment, screening tool, cultural sensitivity, instrument validation, refugee mental health

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a Cross-Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Indochinese Refugees

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks