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Cited by 190Muscle Physiology and DisordersDoping in SportsHormonal and reproductive studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes

KADI, FAWZI, ERIKSSON, ANDERS, HOLMNER, STAFFAN, THORNELL, LARS-ERIC·1999·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1097/00005768-199911000-00006
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Abstract

PURPOSE: Athletes who use anabolic steroids get larger and stronger muscles. How this is reflected at the level of the muscle fibers has not yet been established and was the topic of this investigation. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were obtained from the trapezius muscles of high-level power lifters who have reported the use of anabolic steroids in high doses for several years and from high-level power lifters who have never used these drugs. Enzyme-immunohistochemical investigation was performed to assess muscle fiber types, fiber area, myonuclear number, frequency of satellite cells, and fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms. RESULTS: The overall muscle fiber composition was the same in both groups. The mean area for each fiber type in the reported steroid users was larger than that in the nonsteroid users (P < 0.05). The number of myonuclei and the proportion of central nuclei were also significantly higher in the reported steroid users (P < 0.05). Likewise, the frequency of fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms was significantly higher in the reported steroid users group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intake of anabolic steroids and strength-training induce an increase in muscle size by both hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers. We propose that activation of satellite cells is a key process and is enhanced by the steroid use. The incorporation of the satellite cells into preexisting fibers to maintain a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio seems to be a fundamental mechanism for muscle fiber growth. Although all the subjects in this study have the same level of performance, the possibility of genetic differences between the two groups cannot be completely excluded.

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Crossref · 10.1097/00005768-199911000-00006

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37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Adams, 1993, J Appl Physiol, 74, 911???915,
  2. Celotti, 1992, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 43, 469???477,
  3. Galavazi, 1971, Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat, 121, 507???530,
  4. McLoon, 1993, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 34, 3450???3458,
  5. Rogozkin, 1979, Med Sci Sports, 11, 160???163,
  6. Sar, 1990, Endocrinology, 127, 3180???3186,
  7. Schiaffino, 1976, Virch Arch B Cell Pathol, 21, 113???118,
  8. Schubert, 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86, 307???311,
  9. Szarski, 1976, Int Rev Cytol, 44, 93???111,

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Metadata

Authors
KADI, F., ERIKSSON, A., HOLMNER, S., & THORNELL, L.-E.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1999-11
Volume
31
Issue
11
Pages
1528
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00005768-199911000-00006
OpenAlex
W1969686068
Cited by
190
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI
0.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords
anabolic steroids, muscle hypertrophy, muscle fiber composition, satellite cells, myonuclear number, trapezius, powerlifters, resistance training, muscle fiber growth
MeSH terms
Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Biopsy, Cell Nucleus, Humans, Hypertrophy, Immunohistochemistry, Muscle Proteins, Myofibrils, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch, Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch, Myosin Heavy Chains, CD56 Antigen, Protein Isoforms, Anabolic Agents

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