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Cited by 2,410Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance

BASSETT, DAVID R.·2000·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012
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Abstract

In the exercising human, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is limited by the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the exercising muscles. This is shown by three major lines of evidence: 1) when oxygen delivery is altered (by blood doping, hypoxia, or beta-blockade), VO2max changes accordingly; 2) the increase in VO2max with training results primarily from an increase in maximal cardiac output (not an increase in the a-v O2 difference); and 3) when a small muscle mass is overperfused during exercise, it has an extremely high capacity for consuming oxygen. Thus, O2 delivery, not skeletal muscle O2 extraction, is viewed as the primary limiting factor for VO2max in exercising humans. Metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle are, however, critical for improving submaximal endurance performance. Endurance training causes an increase in mitochondrial enzyme activities, which improves performance by enhancing fat oxidation and decreasing lactic acid accumulation at a given VO2. VO2max is an important variable that sets the upper limit for endurance performance (an athlete cannot operate above 100% VO2max, for extended periods). Running economy and fractional utilization of VO2max also affect endurance performance. The speed at lactate threshold (LT) integrates all three of these variables and is the best physiological predictor of distance running performance.

Overview

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Crossref · 10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012

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Metadata

Authors
BASSETT, D. R.
Affiliations
University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
Corresponding author
BASSETT, DAVID R.
ORCID
BASSETT, DAVID R.
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2000-01
Volume
32
Issue
1
Pages
70
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012
OpenAlex
W2106345877
Cited by
2,410
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 154 · 2025: 171 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 80
FWCI
50.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
VO2max, endurance performance, oxygen delivery, cardiac output, blood doping, hypoxia, beta-adrenergic blockade, endurance training, mitochondrial enzyme activity, fat oxidation, lactate accumulation, running economy, lactate threshold, distance running performance
MeSH terms
Cardiac Output, Heart, Humans, Lung, Mitochondria, Muscle, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Running, Anaerobic Threshold, Muscle, Skeletal, Lactic Acid, Lipid Metabolism

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