Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial
Abstract
PURPOSE: Despite the potential importance of favorable changes in the lipid profile produced by aerobic exercise, training-induced lipid profile changes in atherosclerosis-prone type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) have not heretofore been adequately addressed. METHODS: We assessed the effect of a 12- to 16-wk aerobic exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness and the lipid profile in young men with type 1 DM. Generally active men aged 20-40 yr with type 1 DM (N = 56) were randomized into training (N = 28) and control (untrained, N = 28) groups after baseline measurements. Training consisted of 30-60 min moderate-intensity running 3-5 times a week for 12-16 wk. RESULTS: For the 42 men finishing the study, peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) increased significantly only in the trained group. Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B decreased and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/apo A-I ratio increased in the trained group. HDL and apo A-I increased in both groups. The exercise program brought about improvements in the HDL/LDL and apo A-I/apo B ratios and apo B and triglyceride levels when comparing the relative (%) changes in the trained versus control group. In the trained group, men with HDL/LDL ratios below the group median at baseline showed even more favorable changes in their lipid profile than those with higher initial HDL/LDL ratios. Body mass index, percent body fat and hemoglobin A1c did not change during the training period in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Endurance training improved the lipid profile in already physically active type 1 diabetic men, independently of effects on body composition or glycemic control. The most favorable changes were in patients with low baseline HDL/LDL ratios, likely the group with the greatest benefit to be gained by such changes.
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Crouse et al. and Laaksonen et al. both found that after a few months of aerobic exercise, the concentration of apoB in hypercholesterolemic men decreased.
“Crouse et al. [44] and Laaksonen et al. [45] both found that after a few months of aerobic exercise, the concentration of apoB in hypercholesterolemic men decreased.”
From Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
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ResultExercise and Glycemic Imbalances
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Avaliação do efeito do exercício físico no metabolismo de ratas diabéticas prenhes
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Exploring Gender Differences in the Effects of Diet and Physical Activity on Metabolic Parameters
Gorini, S., Camajani, E., Feraco, A., Armani, A., Karav, S., Filardi, T., Aulisa, G., Cava, E., Strollo, R., Padua, E., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020354 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Conversely, women exhibited a significant increase in HDL in response to aerobic activity, a result that reflects evidence attributing a key role in HDL modulation to this type of exercise, especially in the presence of female hormonal influences [33].”
Effects of A 4-Week Aerobic Exercise on Lipid Profile and Expression of LXRα in Rat Liver.
Kazeminasab, F., Marandi, M., Ghaedi, K., Esfarjani, F., & Moshtaghian, J. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22074/cellj.2016.4871 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“We also observed a significant reduction in LDL-C and TC following an exercise session which were in good agreement with previous studies (33, 34) but not all (27, 35).”
ResultKlaprat, N. D., MacIntosh, A., & McGavock, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00042 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Management of Exercise-induced Glycemic Imbalances in Type 1 Diabetes
Francescato, M. P., & Carrato, S. (2011) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339911796397875 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Moreover, exercise has protective effects against several cardiovascular risk factors [6-8] and can enhance quality of life by increasing self-esteem and psychological well being [9].”
BackgroundMohammed, M. H. H., Al-Qahtani, M. H., & Takken, T. (2021) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13203 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The lack of changes in lipoproteins in the intervention groups was also reported in previous studies.(44,46) Studies that lasted six months(13,14) indicate that a longer time is needed to achieve any significant changes in the lipid profile.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffect of Strength Training on Glycemic Control and Adiponectin in Diabetic Children
Petschnig, R., WAGNER, T., Robubi, A., & Baron, R. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002356 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Aerobic as well as resistance exercises are good for patients with type 1 diabetes
Wróbel, M. P., Rokicka, D., Czuba, M., Gołaś, A., Pyka, Ł., Greif, M., Szymborska‐Kajanek, A., Strojek, K., & Gąsior, M. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.08.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hypoglycemia - Causes and Occurrences
Cid Rigobelo, E. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/864 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tonoli, C., Heyman, E., Roelands, B., et al. (2012) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11635380-000000000-00000 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Twelve studies([7,21,22,26-32,59,76]) were used for the estimation of the effect size of aerobic training on chronic glycaemic control in a total population of 171 T1D adults, adolescents and children.”
MethodSmirnova, I. V., Kibiryeva, N., Vidoni, E. D., et al. (2006) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-006-0215-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exercise and diabetes mellitus: optimizing performance in patients who have type 1 diabetes.
Birrer, R. B., & Sedaghat, V.-D. (2003) · PubMed · doi:10.3810/psm.2003.05.365 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chang, X., Wang, Z., Guo, H., Xu, Y., & Ogihara, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021407 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Only one study showed that the apolipoprotein B: apolipoprotein A-1 ratio significantly decreased in the experimental group, which raises the possibility of a possible role of protection on cardiovascular risks in adolescents with T1DM, as already observed in adults with T1DM [30].”
ResultThe effect of regular training on plasma cytokines response in healthy and diabetic rats
Bonyadi, M., Badalzadeh, R., Mohammadi, M., Poozesh, S., & Salehi, I. (2009) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.4872 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sakr, H. F., Al-Hashem, F. H., El-Naby, W. M. H., Alkhateeb, M. A., Zaki, M. S. A., Refaey, H. E., & Morsy, M. D. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2013-0043 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-monitoring adherence to physical activity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Vanelli, M., Corchia, M., Iovane, B., et al. (2006) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · Cited by 13 · see citing works
O papel do exercício no tratamento do diabetes melito tipo 1
Ramalho, A. C., & Soares, S. L. (2008) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302008000200013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Safarzade, A., & Talebi-Garakani, E. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/2251-6581-13-41 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Also, increased of circulating apoA-I and HDL levels was found in young men with type 1 diabetes mellitus after 12– 16 week endurance exercise program [31].”
BackgroundSaki, H., Nazem, F., Fariba, F., & Sheikh-Sharbafan, R. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110915 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exercise and Diabetes Mellitus
Birrer, R. B., Sedaghat, V.-D., & Carstensen, E. J. (2003) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2003.11440597 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exercise and Glycemic Imbalances: A Situation-Specific Estimate of Glucose Supplement
Shephard, R. J. (2011) · Yearbook of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.yspm.2011.03.018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Valletta, J. J., Chipperfield, A. J., Clough, G. F., & Byrne, C. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097534 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Physical activity interventions in people with type 1 diabetes have been linked to improved CRF [6–13], insulin sensitivity [6,10], lipid profile [6–9,13] and endothelium function [12,14], but results investigating the association between levels of physical activity and glycaemic control have been contradictory [15].”
BackgroundSimonsson, M., Schmidt, C. B., Sigurdadottir, V., Helenius, M. ‐., & Fagerberg, B. (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01866.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Eckstein, M. L., Aberer, F., Dobler, F. J. R., Aziz, F., Heise, T., Sourij, H., & Moser, O. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12111017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fiorino, P., & Evangelista, F. (2014) · Pancreatic Disorders and Therapy · doi:10.4172/2165-7092.1000133 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“[70] demonstrated that patients with T1DM submitted to 12- to 16-wk aerobic exercise training have a significantly augmented oxygen consumption peak (VO2 peak) and an improved lipid profile (decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B and increase in the high-density lipo…”
BackgroundYardley, J. E., Alberga, A. S., Kenny, G. P., & Sigal, R. J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444324808.ch23 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- LAAKSONEN, D. E., ATALAY, M., NISKANEN, L. K., MUSTONEN, J., &NA;, C. K., LAKKA, T. A., & UUSITUPA, M. I. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1541-1548
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029387172
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, type 1 diabetes, lipid profile, endurance training, cardiorespiratory fitness, peak oxygen uptake, HDL/LDL ratio, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, running, atherosclerosis risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Lipids, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness
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