Cited by 329Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthSports Performance and Training

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Water-based exercise improves health-related aspects of fitness in older women

TAKESHIMA, NOBUO, ROGERS, MICHAEL E., WATANABE, EIJI, BRECHUE, WILLIAM F., OKADA, AKIYOSHI, YAMADA, TADAKI, ISLAM, MOHAMMOD M., HAYANO, JYUNICHIROU·2002·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1097/00005768-200203000-00024

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Abstract

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses of elderly women to a well-rounded exercise program performed in water (WEX). METHODS: The participants (60-75 yr of age) were randomly divided into a training (TR) group (N = 15) and a control group (N = 15). The TR group participated in a 12-wk supervised WEX program, 70 min x day(-1), 3 d x wk(-1). The WEX consisted of 20 min of warm-up and stretching exercise, 10 min of resistance exercise, 30 min of endurance-type exercise (walking and dancing), and 10 min of cool-down exercise. RESULTS: The WEX led to an increase (P < 0.05) in peak VO2 (12%) and VO2 at lactate threshold (20%). Muscular strength evaluated by a hydraulic resistance machine increased significantly at resistance dial setting 8 (slow) for knee extension (8%), knee flexion (13%), chest press (7%) and pull (11%), shoulder press (4%) and pull (6%), and back extension (6%). Vertical jump (9%), side-stepping agility (22%), trunk extension (11%), and FEV1.0 (7%) also increased significantly. There was a significant decrease in skin-fold thickness (-8%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-17%), and total cholesterol (-11%). There were no significant changes in these variables in the control group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that WEX elicits significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, body fat, and total cholesterol in older adult women. Water-based exercise appears to be a very safe and beneficial mode of exercise that can be performed as part of a well-rounded exercise program.

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Authors: TAKESHIMA, N., ROGERS, M. E., WATANABE, E., BRECHUE, W. F., OKADA, A., YAMADA, T., ISLAM, M. M., & HAYANO, J.
Affiliations: Nagoya City University (JP)
Aichi Medical University (JP)
ORCID: TAKESHIMA, NOBUO
ROGERS, MICHAEL E.
WATANABE, EIJI
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2002-03
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 544-551
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200203000-00024
OpenAlex: W2106438817
Cited by: 329
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 11.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: aquatic exercise, older women, cardiorespiratory fitness, peak oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, muscle strength, resistance training, agility, fat mass, skinfold thickness, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, exercise safety
MeSH terms: Aged, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Lipids, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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Water-based exercise improves health-related aspects of fitness in older women

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